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内容如下：关于观念体系和学习英语都是不错的。
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upstart
=======
Upstart is a replacement for the traditional sysvinit package, and
runs as process #1. Through upstart, we are able to have an
event-driven process, whilst at the same time retaining compatibility
for the original sysvinit behaviour.
This file documents how to do a few common operations with the new
system.
Where are initscripts installed?
--------------------------------
This has not changed, they are installed in /etc/init.d. See
/etc/init.d/README.
Important system jobs are no longer shipped as initscripts, but as
upstart jobs. These are installed in /etc/event.d.
How are initscripts started and stopped?
----------------------------------------
This has not changed, symlinks are made from the initscript in the
/etc/init.d directory to the /etc/rc?.d directories. See
/etc/init.d/README and /etc/rc?.d/README.
What order are initscripts started and stopped in?
--------------------------------------------------
This has not changed, the symlinks are named SNNname or KNNname, where
NN is a number from 00 to 99. The K scripts are run first in
numerical order, followed by the S scripts in numerical order.
How do I find the current/previous runlevel?
--------------------------------------------
This has not changed, use the "runlevel" command provided by the
upstart-compat-sysv package. See runlevel(8).
How do I change the runlevel?
-----------------------------
This has not changed, use the "telinit" command or just invoke "init"
directly. See telinit(8).
How do I change the default runlevel?
-------------------------------------
Edit the /etc/inittab file, if you installed edgy fresh you'll need to
create it. Locate, or write, the following line:
id:N:initdefault:
Where N is the default runlevel, change this to match.
How do I shutdown the machine?
------------------------------
This has not changed, use the "shutdown" command provided by the
upstart package; you may also use the "reboot"/"halt"/"poweroff"
commands as a short-cut. See shutdown(8) and reboot(8).
You can also press Control-Alt-Delete on a console to reboot the
machine.
How do I change the behaviour of Control-Alt-Delete?
----------------------------------------------------
Edit the /etc/event.d/control-alt-delete file, the line beginning
"exec" is what upstart will run when this key combination is pressed.
To not do anything, you can simply delete this file. After deleting
the file, you need to "kill 1" to ensure that the job is removed from
its memory.
How do I enter single-user mode?
--------------------------------
This hasn't changed, choose the "(recovery mode)" option from GRUB;
add "-s", "S" or "single" to the kernel command-line; or from a
running machine, run "telinit 1" or "shutdown now".
How do I reduce the number of gettys?
-------------------------------------
Also see "How do I change which runlevels gettys are run in?"
In /etc/event.d there is a file named ttyN for each getty that will be
started, where N is numbered 1 to 6. Remove any that you do not
want.
This will not take immediate effect, however you can run "stop ttyN"
to stop one that is running.
How do I change getty parameters?
---------------------------------
In /etc/event.d there is a file named ttyN for each getty that will be
started, where N is numbered 1 to 6. Edit these files, the line
beginning "respawn" is what upstart will run.
This will not take immediate effect, run "stop ttyN" followed by
"start ttyN" or just kill the running getty to respawn with the new
parameters.
How do I change which runlevels gettys are run in?
--------------------------------------------------
In /etc/event.d there is a file named ttyN for each getty that will be
started, where N is numbered 1 to 6. Edit these files, there are a
series of lines of either "start on runlevel N" or
"stop on runlevel N".
Change "stop" to "start" or "start" to "stop" to match your taste.
This will not take immediate effect, however you can run "stop ttyN"
to stop one that is running or "start ttyN" to start one that isn't.
How do I increase the number of gettys?
---------------------------------------
In /etc/event.d there is a file named ttyN for each getty that will be
started, where N is numbered 1 to 6.
Copy one of these files to a new name, we suggest you simply name it
after the tty, e.g. "ttyS0".
Edit that file, change the "respawn" line to match your requirements;
in particular you'll need to change the tty the getty should be run
on.
This will not take immediate effect, however you can run "start ttyN"
to start the getty.
How do I add a serial console?
------------------------------
See "How do I increase the number of gettys?"
Where are the boot messages logged?
-----------------------------------
Messages output by the rc scripts can be found in /var/log/boot, if
you have the upstart-logd package installed.
How can I see boot messages on the console?
-------------------------------------------
This is nothing to do with upstart, but I'll answer this anyway.
Remove "quiet" from the kernel command-line.
To make this permanent, edit /boot/grub/menu.lst and edit the line
that begins "# defoptions=" (yes, it looks like a comment).
This will change both usplash and the LSB init logging.
Upstart isn't working, how do I debug it?
-----------------------------------------
Add "--debug" to the kernel command-line, and be sure to remove "quiet"
and "splash". You'll now see debugging messages as upstart works.
Upstart does nothing, what's wrong?
-----------------------------------
You probably don't have the upstart-compat-sysv or system-services
packages installed, likely because you've accidentally removed
ubuntu-minimal in the past.
Here's a quick guide to rescuing your system:
1. Edit the kernel command-line, remove "quiet" and "splash",
add "init=/bin/bash".
The machine will boot into a root shell.
2. Run "/etc/init.d/rcS"
The machine will set up the basic necessities such as hardware
and networking.
3. Run "aptitude update"
The machine will update the package lists against the Ubuntu archive.
4. Run "aptitude install ubuntu-minimal"
The machine will now install the missing packages.
5. Check that there are now files in /etc/event.d
6. Run "reboot -f"
The machine will now reboot.
Hopefully your machine should now boot normally.
Can I query upstart for a list of jobs?
---------------------------------------
Yes, "initctl list" will list the known jobs and their status. You
can receive notification of any changes with "initctl jobs".
How do I manually start or stop a job?
--------------------------------------
Use "start JOB" or "stop JOB".
How do I find the status of a job?
----------------------------------
Use "status JOB".
Can I receive notification of events?
-------------------------------------
Yes, "initctl events" will display them as they are emitted.
Can I emit an event by hand?
----------------------------
Yes, "initctl emit EVENT" will emit the named event and cause any
jobs waiting for it to be started or stopped as appropriate.
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