一、js和ts类的区别
js是基于类的面向对象方式,构建父子类的继承结构,写起来不简洁,也不形象。ts则是以简洁明了的方式实现类的定义、继承、扩展等等。
之前我也提过,js最终会登录浏览器平台,但是至少不是现在,所以在下一个js时代之前,我们需要定ts来规范当前的客户端代码。
二、用ts实现类
class Greeter {
greeting: string;
constructor(message: string) {
this.greeting = message;
}
greet() {
return "Hello, " + this.greeting;
}
}
let greeter = new Greeter("world");
三、继承
使用extends
关键字来继承。
class Animal { // Animal是基类,也叫超类
move(distanceInMeters: number = 0) {
console.log(`Animal moved ${distanceInMeters}m.`);
}
}
class Dog extends Animal { // Dog是派生自Animal的派生类,也叫子类
bark() {
console.log('Woof! Woof!');
}
}
const dog = new Dog();
dog.bark();
dog.move(10);
派生类的构造函数必须包含 "super" 调用。这是ts强制执行的一条重要规则。
// 如果父类下没有构造函数,如下
class Animal {
move(distanceInMeters: number = 0) {
}
}
class Snake extends Animal {
constructor(name: string) {
super() // 如果父类没有定义构造函数,父类会有默认值,什么都不做,但是子类必须要在构造函数中调用super
}
move(distanceInMeters = 5) {
console.log("Slithering...");
super.move(distanceInMeters);
}
}
let sam = new Snake("Sammy the Python");
console.log(sam);
// 父类含有构造函数
class Animal {
name: string;
constructor(theName: string) { // 在子类中执行基类的构造函数
this.name = theName;
}
move(distanceInMeters: number = 0) {
console.log(`${this.name} moved ${distanceInMeters}m.`);
}
}
class Snake extends Animal {
constructor(name: string) { super(name); }
move(distanceInMeters = 5) {
console.log("Slithering...");
super.move(distanceInMeters);
}
}
let sam = new Snake("Sammy the Python");
sam.move();
四、公共、私有与受保护的修饰符
public
前置定义,ts里可以不写即为默认为public
,可以自由的访问定义的值。
private
不能再声明它的类的外部被访问。即为私有属性。
protected
protected
修饰符与 private
修饰符的行为很相似,但有一点不同, protected
成员在派生类中仍然可以访问,但是注意:依然不能在类的外面被访问。
class Person {
protected name: string;
constructor(name: string) { this.name = name; }
}
class Employee extends Person {
private department: string;
constructor(name: string, department: string) {
super(name)
this.department = department;
}
public getElevatorPitch() {
return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
}
}
let howard = new Employee("Howard", "Sales");
console.log(howard.getElevatorPitch());
console.log(howard.name); // 错误
构造函数也可以被标记成 protected
。 这意味着这个类不能在包含它的类外被实例化,但是能被继承。
// 类属性 name、constructor => protected
class Person {
protected name: string;
protected constructor(theName: string) { this.name = theName; }
}
// Employee 能够继承 Person
class Employee extends Person {
private department: string;
constructor(name: string, department: string) {
super(name);
this.department = department;
}
public getElevatorPitch() {
return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
}
}
let howard = new Employee("Howard", "Sales");
let john = new Person("John"); // 类“Person”的构造函数是受保护的,仅可在类声明中访问。
// 类属性 name => not protected, constructor => protected
class Person {
protected name: string;
constructor(theName: string) { this.name = theName; }
}
// Employee 能够继承 Person
class Employee extends Person {
private department: string;
constructor(name: string, department: string) {
super(name);
this.department = department;
}
public getElevatorPitch() {
return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
}
}
let howard = new Employee("Howard", "Sales");
let john = new Person("John");
console.log(john.name); // 属性“name”受保护,只能在类“Person”及其子类中访问。ts(2445)
五、readonly修饰符
使用 readonly
关键字将属性设置为只读的。 只读属性必须在声明时或构造函数里被初始化。
class Octopus {
readonly name: string;
readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
constructor (theName: string) {
this.name = theName;
}
}
let dad = new Octopus("Man with the 8 strong legs");
dad.name = "Man with the 3-piece suit"; // 错误! name 是只读的.
参数属性:参数属性可以方便地让我们在一个地方定义并初始化一个成员。
class Octopus {
readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
constructor(readonly name: string) { // 声明并初始化一个私有成员
}
}
// 等价于
class Octopus {
readonly name: string;
readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
constructor (theName: string) {
this.name = theName;
}
}
六、存取器
let passcode = "secret passcode";
class Employee {
private _fullName: string;
get fullName(): string {
return this._fullName;
}
set fullName(newName: string) {
if (passcode && passcode == "secret passcode") {
this._fullName = newName;
}
else {
console.log("Error: Unauthorized update of employee!");
}
}
}
let employee = new Employee();
console.log(employee.fullName); // Property '_fullName' has no initializer and is not definitely assigned in the constructor.
employee.fullName = "Bob Smith";
if (employee.fullName) {
console.log(employee.fullName);
}
注意:
- 存取器要求你将编译器设置为输出ECMAScript 5或更高。 不支持降级到ECMAScript 3。
- 其次,只带有
get
不带有set
的存取器自动被推断为readonly
。
七、静态属性
这些属性存在于类本身上面而不是类的实例上。
class Grid {
static origin = {x: 0, y: 0};
calculateDistanceFromOrigin(point: {x: number; y: number;}) {
let xDist = (point.x - Grid.origin.x); // 如同在实例属性上使用 this.前缀来访问属性一样,这里我们使用 Grid.来访问静态属性。
let yDist = (point.y - Grid.origin.y);
return Math.sqrt(xDist * xDist + yDist * yDist) / this.scale;
}
constructor (public scale: number) { }
}
八、抽象类
抽象类做为其它派生类的基类使用。 它们一般不会直接被实例化。
不同于接口,抽象类可以包含成员的实现细节。 abstract
关键字是用于定义抽象类和在抽象类内部定义抽象方法。
abstract class Animal {
abstract makeSound(): void;
move(): void {
console.log('roaming the earch...');
}
}
抽象类中的抽象方法不包含具体实现并且必须在派生类中实现。 抽象方法的语法与接口方法相似。 两者都是定义方法签名但不包含方法体。 然而,抽象方法必须包含 abstract
关键字并且可以包含访问修饰符。
abstract class Department {
constructor(public name: string, age: number = 10) { // 如果age这里不用public定义,则它是一个局部变量,不能从实例的this.上获取到
}
printName(): void {
console.log('Department name: ' + this.name);
}
abstract printMeeting(): void; // 必须在派生类中实现
}
class AccountingDepartment extends Department {
constructor() {
super('Accounting and Auditing'); // 在派生类的构造函数中必须调用 super()
}
printMeeting(): void {
console.log('The Accounting Department meets each Monday at 10am.');
}
generateReports(): void {
console.log('Generating accounting reports...');
}
}
let department: Department; // 允许创建一个对抽象类型的引用
// department = new Department(); // 错误: 不能创建一个抽象类的实例
department = new AccountingDepartment(); // 允许对一个抽象子类进行实例化和赋值
console.log(department.name); // Accounting and Auditing
console.log(department.age); // 类型“Department”上不存在属性“age”。
department.printName();
department.printMeeting();
// department.generateReports(); // 错误: 方法在声明的抽象类中不存在
注意上面标记*处: Typescript
提供的简写形式 — 用构造函数的参数直接定义属性。
九、高级技巧
-
构造函数
class Greeter { static standardGreeting = "Hello, there"; greeting: string; greet() { if (this.greeting) { return "Hello, " + this.greeting; } else { return Greeter.standardGreeting; } } } let greeter1: Greeter; greeter1 = new Greeter(); console.log(greeter1.greet()); let greeterMaker: typeof Greeter = Greeter; // Greeter类的类型,而不是实例的类型。 greeterMaker.standardGreeting = "Hey there!"; let greeter2: Greeter = new greeterMaker(); console.log(greeter2.greet());
-
把类当作接口
因为类可以创建出类型,所以你能够在允许使用接口的地方使用类。
简而言之,就是把类当成接口来用。
class Point { x: number; y: number; } interface Point3d extends Point { z: number; } let point3d: Point3d = {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3};