• 深入理解TypeScript——文档篇之类


    一、js和ts类的区别

           js是基于类的面向对象方式,构建父子类的继承结构,写起来不简洁,也不形象。ts则是以简洁明了的方式实现类的定义、继承、扩展等等。

          之前我也提过,js最终会登录浏览器平台,但是至少不是现在,所以在下一个js时代之前,我们需要定ts来规范当前的客户端代码。

    二、用ts实现类

    class Greeter {
        greeting: string;
        constructor(message: string) {
            this.greeting = message;
        }
        greet() {
            return "Hello, " + this.greeting;
        }
    }
    
    let greeter = new Greeter("world");
    

    三、继承

           使用extends 关键字来继承。

    class Animal { // Animal是基类,也叫超类
        move(distanceInMeters: number = 0) {
            console.log(`Animal moved ${distanceInMeters}m.`);
        }
    }
    
    class Dog extends Animal { // Dog是派生自Animal的派生类,也叫子类
        bark() {
            console.log('Woof! Woof!');
        }
    }
    
    const dog = new Dog();
    dog.bark();
    dog.move(10);
    

           派生类的构造函数必须包含 "super" 调用。这是ts强制执行的一条重要规则。

    // 如果父类下没有构造函数,如下
    class Animal {
      move(distanceInMeters: number = 0) {
    
      }
    }
    
    class Snake extends Animal {
      constructor(name: string) {
        super() // 如果父类没有定义构造函数,父类会有默认值,什么都不做,但是子类必须要在构造函数中调用super
      }
      move(distanceInMeters = 5) {
          console.log("Slithering...");
          super.move(distanceInMeters);
      }
    }
    
    let sam = new Snake("Sammy the Python");
    
    console.log(sam);
    
    // 父类含有构造函数
    class Animal {
        name: string;
        constructor(theName: string) { // 在子类中执行基类的构造函数
            this.name = theName; 
        }
        move(distanceInMeters: number = 0) {
            console.log(`${this.name} moved ${distanceInMeters}m.`);
        }
    }
    
    class Snake extends Animal {
        constructor(name: string) { super(name); }
        move(distanceInMeters = 5) {
            console.log("Slithering...");
            super.move(distanceInMeters);
        }
    }
    
    let sam = new Snake("Sammy the Python");
    sam.move();
    

    四、公共、私有与受保护的修饰符

    public

           前置定义,ts里可以不写即为默认为public,可以自由的访问定义的值。

    private

           不能再声明它的类的外部被访问。即为私有属性。

    protected

           protected修饰符与 private修饰符的行为很相似,但有一点不同, protected成员在派生类中仍然可以访问,但是注意:依然不能在类的外面被访问。

    class Person {
        protected name: string;
        constructor(name: string) { this.name = name; }
    }
    
    class Employee extends Person {
        private department: string;
    
        constructor(name: string, department: string) {
            super(name)
            this.department = department;
        }
    
        public getElevatorPitch() {
            return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
        }
    }
    
    let howard = new Employee("Howard", "Sales");
    console.log(howard.getElevatorPitch());
    console.log(howard.name); // 错误
    

           构造函数也可以被标记成 protected。 这意味着这个类不能在包含它的类外被实例化,但是能被继承。

    // 类属性 name、constructor => protected
    class Person {
        protected name: string;
        protected constructor(theName: string) { this.name = theName; }
    }
    
    // Employee 能够继承 Person
    class Employee extends Person {
        private department: string;
    
        constructor(name: string, department: string) {
            super(name);
            this.department = department;
        }
    
        public getElevatorPitch() {
            return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
        }
    }
    
    let howard = new Employee("Howard", "Sales");
    let john = new Person("John"); // 类“Person”的构造函数是受保护的,仅可在类声明中访问。
    
    // 类属性 name => not protected, constructor => protected
    class Person {
      protected name: string;
      constructor(theName: string) { this.name = theName; }
    }
    
    // Employee 能够继承 Person
    class Employee extends Person {
      private department: string;
    
      constructor(name: string, department: string) {
          super(name);
          this.department = department;
      }
    
      public getElevatorPitch() {
          return `Hello, my name is ${this.name} and I work in ${this.department}.`;
      }
    }
    
    let howard = new Employee("Howard", "Sales");
    let john = new Person("John");
    console.log(john.name); // 属性“name”受保护,只能在类“Person”及其子类中访问。ts(2445)
    

    五、readonly修饰符

           使用 readonly关键字将属性设置为只读的。 只读属性必须在声明时或构造函数里被初始化。

    class Octopus {
        readonly name: string;
        readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
        constructor (theName: string) {
            this.name = theName;
        }
    }
    let dad = new Octopus("Man with the 8 strong legs");
    dad.name = "Man with the 3-piece suit"; // 错误! name 是只读的.
    

           参数属性:参数属性可以方便地让我们在一个地方定义并初始化一个成员。

    class Octopus {
        readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
        constructor(readonly name: string) { // 声明并初始化一个私有成员
        }
    }
    
    // 等价于
    class Octopus {
        readonly name: string;
        readonly numberOfLegs: number = 8;
        constructor (theName: string) {
            this.name = theName;
        }
    }
    

    六、存取器

    let passcode = "secret passcode";
    
    class Employee {
        private _fullName: string;
    
        get fullName(): string {
            return this._fullName;
        }
    
        set fullName(newName: string) {
            if (passcode && passcode == "secret passcode") {
                this._fullName = newName;
            }
            else {
                console.log("Error: Unauthorized update of employee!");
            }
        }
    }
    
    let employee = new Employee();
    
    console.log(employee.fullName); // Property '_fullName' has no initializer and is not definitely assigned in the constructor.  
    
    employee.fullName = "Bob Smith";
    
    if (employee.fullName) {
        console.log(employee.fullName);
    }
    

    注意:

    • 存取器要求你将编译器设置为输出ECMAScript 5或更高。 不支持降级到ECMAScript 3。
    • 其次,只带有 get不带有 set的存取器自动被推断为 readonly

    七、静态属性

           这些属性存在于类本身上面而不是类的实例上。

    class Grid {
        static origin = {x: 0, y: 0};
        calculateDistanceFromOrigin(point: {x: number; y: number;}) {
            let xDist = (point.x - Grid.origin.x); // 如同在实例属性上使用 this.前缀来访问属性一样,这里我们使用 Grid.来访问静态属性。
            let yDist = (point.y - Grid.origin.y);
            return Math.sqrt(xDist * xDist + yDist * yDist) / this.scale;
        }
        constructor (public scale: number) { }
    }
    

    八、抽象类

           抽象类做为其它派生类的基类使用。 它们一般不会直接被实例化。

           不同于接口,抽象类可以包含成员的实现细节。 abstract关键字是用于定义抽象类和在抽象类内部定义抽象方法。

    abstract class Animal {
        abstract makeSound(): void;
        move(): void {
            console.log('roaming the earch...');
        }
    }
    

           抽象类中的抽象方法不包含具体实现并且必须在派生类中实现。 抽象方法的语法与接口方法相似。 两者都是定义方法签名但不包含方法体。 然而,抽象方法必须包含 abstract关键字并且可以包含访问修饰符。

    abstract class Department {
    
      constructor(public name: string, age: number = 10) { // 如果age这里不用public定义,则它是一个局部变量,不能从实例的this.上获取到
      }
    
      printName(): void {
          console.log('Department name: ' + this.name);
      }
    
      abstract printMeeting(): void; // 必须在派生类中实现
    }
    
    class AccountingDepartment extends Department {
    
      constructor() {
          super('Accounting and Auditing'); // 在派生类的构造函数中必须调用 super()
      }
    
      printMeeting(): void {
          console.log('The Accounting Department meets each Monday at 10am.');
      }
    
      generateReports(): void {
          console.log('Generating accounting reports...');
      }
    }
    
    let department: Department; // 允许创建一个对抽象类型的引用
    // department = new Department(); // 错误: 不能创建一个抽象类的实例
    department = new AccountingDepartment(); // 允许对一个抽象子类进行实例化和赋值
    console.log(department.name); // Accounting and Auditing
    console.log(department.age); // 类型“Department”上不存在属性“age”。
    department.printName();
    department.printMeeting();
    // department.generateReports(); // 错误: 方法在声明的抽象类中不存在
    

           注意上面标记*处: Typescript 提供的简写形式 — 用构造函数的参数直接定义属性。

    九、高级技巧

    1. 构造函数

      class Greeter {
          static standardGreeting = "Hello, there";
          greeting: string;
          greet() {
              if (this.greeting) {
                  return "Hello, " + this.greeting;
              }
              else {
                  return Greeter.standardGreeting;
              }
          }
      }
      
      let greeter1: Greeter;
      greeter1 = new Greeter();
      console.log(greeter1.greet());
      
      let greeterMaker: typeof Greeter = Greeter; // Greeter类的类型,而不是实例的类型。
      greeterMaker.standardGreeting = "Hey there!";
      
      let greeter2: Greeter = new greeterMaker();
      console.log(greeter2.greet());
      
    2. 把类当作接口

      因为类可以创建出类型,所以你能够在允许使用接口的地方使用类。

      简而言之,就是把类当成接口来用。

      class Point {
          x: number;
          y: number;
      }
      
      interface Point3d extends Point {
          z: number;
      }
      
      let point3d: Point3d = {x: 1, y: 2, z: 3};
      
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hackftz/p/13758855.html
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