《The C++ Programming Language 3rd》中有这么两段话:
from 4.3:
A type wchar_ t is provided to hold characters of a larger character set such as Unicode. It is a distinct type. The size of wchar_t is implementation-defined and large enough to hold the largest character set supported by the implementation’s locale (see §21.7, §C.3.3). The strange name is a leftover from C. In C, wchar_t is a typedef (§4.9.7) rather than a builtin type. The suffix _ t was added to distinguish standard typedefs.
from 4.3.1:
Wide character literals are of the form L碼b, where the number of characters between the quotes and their meanings is implementation-defined to match the wchar_t type. A wide character literal has type wchar_t.
这两段话中有两个要点是我们关心的:
1〉wchar_t的长度是由实现决定的;
2〉L'ab'的含义是由实现决定的。
那么GNU g++和VC6.0/7.0各是怎么实现的呢?看下面代码:
//author: **.Zhou #include #include #include void prt( const void* padd, size_t n ) { const unsigned char* p = static_cast<const unsigned char*>( padd ); const unsigned char* pe = p + n; for( ; p<pe; ++p ) printf( " %02X", *p ); printf( "\n" ); } int main() { char a[] = "VC知识库"; wchar_t b[] = L"VC知识库"; prt( a, sizeof(a) ); prt( b, sizeof(b) ); system( "Pause" ); // 说明: // Dev-CPP4990 显示为: // 56 43 D6 AA CA B6 BF E2 00 // 56 00 43 00 D6 00 AA 00 CA 00 B6 00 BF 00 E2 00 00 00 // VC++6.0 和 VC.net2003 显示为: // 56 43 D6 AA CA B6 BF E2 00 // 56 00 43 00 E5 77 C6 8B 93 5E 00 00 // 可见,Dev-CPP中的L""不是unicode编码,只是简单的扩充,汉字需要4bytes存储 HWND h = FindWindow( NULL, "计算器" ); SetWindowTextA( h, a ); system( "Pause" ); SetWindowTextW( h, b ); system( "Pause" ); // 说明: // VC++6.0 和 VC.net2003 都能成功将标题改为"VC知识库" // 而 Dev-CPP4990 只有 SetWindowTextA 显示正确,而 SetWindowTextW 显示的是乱码 }
这段代码说明了,g++(Dev-CPP用的是MingGW编译器)中L"xx"解释为把作为non-wide-char的"xx"扩展为作为wide-char的wchar_t,不足则在高位补0;而VC6.0的L"xx"解释为把作为MBCS的"xx"转换为作为unicode的WCHAR,目前的MBCS是以char为一个存储单元的,而WCHAR在winnt.h中定义为typedef wchar_t WCHAR。在win平台上,只要是超过0~127范围内的char型字符,都被视为MBCS,它由1到2个字节组成,MBCS字符集跟它的地区代码页号有关。在某个特定的win平台,默认的代码页号可以在控制面板-〉区域选项中设定。
关于上述结论可以有下面这个程序来验证:
//author: smileonce
#include #include #include #include void prt( const void* padd, size_t n ) { const unsigned char* p = static_cast<const unsigned char*>( padd ); const unsigned char* pe = p + n; for( ; p<pe; ++p ) printf( " %02X", *p ); printf( "\n" ); } int main() { char a[] = "VC知识库"; wchar_t b[] = L"VC知识库"; prt( a, sizeof(a) ); prt( b, sizeof(b) ); PSTR pMultiByteStr = (PSTR)a; PWSTR pWideCharStr; int nLenOfWideCharStr; // 利用API函数MultiByteToWideChar()来把a转化成unicode字符 nLenOfWideCharStr = MultiByteToWideChar( CP_ACP, 0, pMultiByteStr, -1, NULL, 0); pWideCharStr = (PWSTR)HeapAlloc( GetProcessHeap(), 0, nLenOfWideCharStr * sizeof(WCHAR) ); assert( pWideCharStr ); MultiByteToWideChar( CP_ACP, 0, pMultiByteStr, -1, pWideCharStr, nLenOfWideCharStr ); prt( pWideCharStr, nLenOfWideCharStr * sizeof(WCHAR) ); system( "Pause" ); // // 说明: // 56 43 D6 AA CA B6 BF E2 00 //char a[] = "VC知识库"; // 56 00 43 00 E5 77 C6 8B 93 5E 00 00 //wchar_t b[] = L"VC知识库"; // 56 00 43 00 E5 77 C6 8B 93 5E 00 00 //用MultiByteToWideChar()把a转换为unicode // // 可见,b[]的字符代码就是unicode代码 return 0; }
呵呵,问题已经明了,总结一下:
1> ISO C中wchar_t是一个typedef,ISO C++中wchar_t是语言内建的数据类型,L'xx'是ISO C/C++语言内建的表示wchar_t的文本量的语法;
2> wchar_t的长度是由实现决定的;
3> L'xx'的意义是由实现决定的;
4> 默认的'xx'是non-wide-char,其每个元素数据的类型是char;与其想对应的L'xx'是wide-char,其每个元素数据的类型是wchar_t。
为什么C/C++语言把L'xx'定义为由实现决定的呢?这显然是为了C/C++的普适性、可移植性。Bjarne的观点认为,C++的方式是允许程序员使用任何字符集作为串的字符类型。另外,unicode编码已经发展了若干版本了,是否能永久适合下去也不得而知。有关unicode的详细论述以及和其它字符集的比较,我推荐你看《无废话xml》 。