1、查看表空間的名稱及大小
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name group by t.tablespace_name;
2、查看表空間物理檔的名稱及大小
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name, round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space from dba_data_files order by tablespace_name;
3、查看回滾段名稱及大小
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status, (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent, max_extents, v.curext CurExtent From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+) order by segment_name;
4、查看控制文件
select name from v$controlfile;
5、查看日誌檔
select member from v$logfile;
6、查看表空間的使用情況
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE, (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE" FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME;
7、查看資料庫庫物件
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
8、查看資料庫的版本
Select version FROM Product_component_version Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';
9、查看資料庫的創建日期和歸檔方式
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;
10、捕捉運行很久的SQL
column username format a12 column opname format a16 column progress format a8
select username,sid,opname, round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress, time_remaining,sql_text from v$session_longops , v$sql where time_remaining <> 0 and sql_address = address and sql_hash_value = hash_value / 11。查看資料表的參數資訊 SELECT partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name, pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent, next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS, freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size, last_analyzed FROM dba_tab_partitions --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner ORDER BY partition_position
12.查看還沒提交的事務 select * from v$locked_object; select * from v$transaction;
13。查找object為哪些進程所用 select p.spid, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num, s.username user_name, a.type object_type, s.osuser os_user_name, a.owner, a.object object_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process, s.terminal terminal, s.program program, s.status session_status from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p where s.paddr = p.addr and s.type = 'USER' and a.sid = s.sid and a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR' order by s.username, s.osuser
14。回滾段查看 select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs, v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes, sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs, v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum
15。耗資源的進程(top session) select s.schemaname schema_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, status session_status, s.osuser os_user_name, s.sid, p.spid , s.serial# serial_num, nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name, s.terminal terminal, s.program program, st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st, v$session s , v$process p where st.sid = s.sid and st.statistic# = to_number('38') and ('ALL' = 'ALL' or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc
16。查看鎖(lock)情況 select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name, ls.username user_name, decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX', 'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type, o.object_name object, decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3, 'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null) lock_mode, o.owner, ls.sid, ls.serial# serial_num, ls.id1, ls.id2 from sys.dba_objects o, ( select s.osuser, s.username, l.type, l.lmode, s.sid, s.serial#, l.id1, l.id2 from v$session s, v$lock l where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and o.owner <> 'SYS' order by o.owner, o.object_name
17。查看等待(wait)情況 SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets', 'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count
18。查看sga情況 SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
19。查看catched object SELECT owner, name, db_link, namespace, type, sharable_mem, loads, executions, locks, pins, kept FROM v$db_object_cache
20。查看V$SQLAREA SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS, VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS, USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS, BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA 21。查看object分類數量 select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select 'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from
22。按用戶查看object種類 select u.name schema, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes, sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables, sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL)) clusters, sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views, sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1, NULL)) synonyms, sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1)) others from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u where o.type# >= 1 and u.user# = o.owner# and u.name <> 'PUBLIC' group by u.name order by sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$
23。有關connection的相關資訊 1)查看有哪些用戶連接 select s.osuser os_user_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process, status session_status, s.terminal terminal, s.program program, s.username user_name, s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter, '' query, 0 memory, 0 max_memory, 0 cpu_usage, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num from v$session s, v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and s.type = 'USER' order by s.username, s.osuser 2)根據v.sid查看對應連接的資源佔用等情況 select n.name, v.value, n.class, n.statistic# from v$statname n, v$sesstat v where v.sid = 71 and v.statistic# = n.statistic# order by n.class, n.statistic# 3)根據sid查看對應連接正在運行的sql select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */ command_type, sql_text, sharable_mem, persistent_mem, runtime_mem, sorts, version_count, loaded_versions, open_versions, users_opening, executions, users_executing, loads, first_load_time, invalidations, parse_calls, disk_reads, buffer_gets, rows_processed, sysdate start_time, sysdate finish_time, '>' || address sql_address, 'N' status from v$sqlarea where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
24.查詢表空間使用情況 select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱", 100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "佔用率(%)", round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)", round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空閒(M)", round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)", Largest "最大擴展段(M)", to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "採樣時間" from (select f.tablespace_name, sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc, sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes from dba_data_files f group by tablespace_name) a, (select f.tablespace_name, sum(f.bytes) bytes_free from dba_free_space f group by tablespace_name) b, (select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest, ts.name tablespace_name from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts# group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
25.查詢表空間的碎片程度
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name having count(tablespace_name)>10;
alter tablespace name coalesce; alter table name deallocate unused;
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space union all select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents;
select * from ts_blocks_v;
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name;
26。查詢有哪些資料庫實例在運行 select inst_name from v$active_instances;
=========================================================== #########創建資料庫----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
create database db01 maxlogfiles 10 maxdatafiles 1024 maxinstances 2 logfile GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M, undo tablespace UNDO datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M default temporary tablespace TEMP tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M extent management local uniform size 128k character set AL32UTE8 national character set AL16UTF16 set time_zone='America/New_York';
###############資料字典 ##########
set wrap off
select * from v$dba_users;
grant select on table_name to user/rule;
select * from user_tables;
select * from all_tables;
select * from dba_tables;
revoke dba from user_name;
shutdown immediate
startup nomount
select * from v$instance;
select * from v$sga;
select * from v$tablespace;
alter session set nls_language=american;
alter database mount;
select * from v$database;
alter database open;
desc dictionary
select * from dict;
desc v$fixed_table;
select * from v$fixed_table;
set oracle_sid=foxconn
select * from dba_objects;
set serveroutput on
execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
#############控制文件 ###########
select * from v$database;
select * from v$tablespace;
select * from v$logfile;
select * from v$log;
select * from v$backup;
/*備份用戶表空間*/ alter tablespace users begin backup;
select * from v$archived_log;
select * from v$controlfile;
alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl', '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;
cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
startup pfile='../initSID.ora'
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
show parameter control;
select * from v$controlfile_record_section;
select * from v$tempfile;
/*備份控制檔*/ alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/*備份控制檔,並將二進位控制檔變為了asc的文字檔案*/ alter database backup controlfile to trace;
############### redo log ##############
archive log list;
alter system archive log start;--啟動自動封存
alter system switch logfile;--強行進行一次日誌switch
alter system checkpoint;--強制進行一次checkpoint
alter tablspace users begin backup;
alter tablespace offline;
/*checkpoint同步頻率參數FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步頻率越高,系統恢復所需時間越短*/ show parameter fast;
show parameter log_checkpoint;
/*加入一個日誌組*/ alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M);
/*加入日誌組的一個成員*/ alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;
/*刪除日誌組:當前日誌組不能刪;活動的日誌組不能刪;非歸檔的日誌組不能刪*/ alter database drop logfile group 3;
/*刪除日誌組中的某個成員,但每個組的最後一個成員不能被刪除*/ alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
/*清除線上日誌*/ alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
alter database clear logfile group 3;
/*清除非歸檔日誌*/ alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;
/*重命名日誌檔*/ alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
show parameter db_create;
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
select * from v$log;
select * from v$logfile;
/*資料庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換,要啟動到mount狀態下才能改變;startup mount;然後再打開資料庫.*/ alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;
achive log start;---啟動自動歸檔
alter system archive all;--手工歸檔所有日誌檔
select * from v$archived_log;
show parameter log_archive; /*使用字元函數(右邊截取,欄位中包含某個字元,左邊填充某字元到固定位元數,右邊填充某字元到固定位元數)*/ select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name;
/*使用數位函數(往右/左幾位四捨五入,取整,取餘)*/ select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ;
/*使用日期函數(計算兩個日期間相差幾個星期,兩個日期間相隔幾個月,在某個月份上加幾個月,某個日期的下一個日期, 某日期所在月的最後的日期,對某個日期的月分四捨五入,對某個日期的月份進行取整)*/ select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate), round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name;
/*使用NULL函數(當expr1為空取expr2/當expr1為空取expr2,否則取expr3/當expr1=expr2返回空)*/ select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name;
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1 when '30' then column2*2.1 when '10' then column3/20 else column3 end as ttt from table_name ; ------使用case函數
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡兒連接 [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用兩個表中的同名列連接 [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用兩個表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列連接 [JOIN table2 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相當於(+)=,=(+)連接,全外連接 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN語法;
example: select col1,col2 from table1 t1 join table2 t2 on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1 join table3 t3 on t2.col1=t3.col3;
select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3);
insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3);
MERGE INTO table_name table1 USING table_name2 table2 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2) WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET table1.col1=table2.col2, table1.col2=table2.col3, ... WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合併語句
##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE #######################
alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column
alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----設置列無效,這個比較快。 alter table table_name drop unused columns;---刪除被設為無效的列
rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表
comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----給表放入注釋信息
create table table_name (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定義表中的約束條件
alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----創建主鍵
/*建立外鍵*/ create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id));
alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%');
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----級聯刪除主鍵
alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使約束暫時無效
/*刪除列,並級聯刪除此列下的約束條件*/ alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint;
select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---約束條件相關視圖
############## Create Views #####################
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] AS subquery [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------創建視圖的語法
example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------創建視圖 /*使用別名*/ Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; /*創建複雜視圖*/ Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; /*當用update修改資料時,必須滿足視圖的col1>10的條件,不滿足則不能被改變.*/ Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option;
/*改變視圖的值.對於簡單視圖可以用update語法修改表資料,但複雜視圖則不一定能改。如使用了函數,group by ,distinct等的列*/ update view_name set col1=value1;
/*TOP-N分析*/ select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N;
/*找出某列三條最大值的記錄*/ example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3;
############# Other database Object ###############
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] [START WITH n] [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----創建SEQUENCE
example: CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 START WITH 120 MAXVALUE 9999 NOCACHE NOCYCLE;
select * from user_sequences ;---當前用戶下記錄sequence的視圖
select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用
alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 MAXVALUE 999999 NOCACHE NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改變起始序號
drop sequence sequence_name; ----刪除sequence
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------創建同義詞
DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----刪除同義詞
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----創建DBLINK
select * from object_name@link_name; ----訪問遠端資料庫中的物件
/*union操作,它將兩個集合的交集部分壓縮,並對資料排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*union all操作,兩個集合的交集部分不壓縮,且不對資料排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*intersect操作,求兩個集合的交集,它將對重復資料進行壓縮,且排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*minus操作,集合減,它將壓縮兩個集合減後的重複記錄,且對資料排序*/ select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name;
/*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的年*/ select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual; /*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的月*/ select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual;
##########################增強的group by子句 #########################
select [column,] group_function(column)... from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression]; [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字,對group by子句的各欄位從右到左進行再聚合
example: /*其結果看起來象對col1做小計*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2); /*複合rollup運算式*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2));
select [column,] group_function(column)... from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression]; [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字,除完成ROLLUP的功能外,再對ROLLUP後的結果集從右到左再聚合
example: /*其結果看起來象對col1做小計後,再對col2做小計,最後算總計*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2); /*複合rollup運算式*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2)); /*混合rollup,cube運算式*/ select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3);
/*GROUPING(expr)函數,查看select語句種以何欄位聚合,其取值為0或1*/ select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr) from table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression]; [ORDER BY column];
example: select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2);
/*grouping sets操作,對group by結果集先對col1求和,再對col2求和,最後將其結果集並在一起*/ select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));
/*刪除用戶或刪除級聯用戶(用戶物件下有物件的要用CASCADE,將其下一些物件一起刪除)*/ drop user user_name [CASCADE];
/*每個用戶在哪些表空間下有些什麼限額*/ desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...';
/*改變用戶的缺省表空間*/ alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name;
######### Managing Privileges #############
grant create table,create session to user_name;
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name;
/*授予許可權語法,public標識所有用戶,with admin option允許能將許可權授予第三者的許可權*/ grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option];
select * from v$pwfile_users;
/*當O7_dictionary_accessiblity參數為True時,標識select any table時,包括系統表也能select ,否則,不包含系統表;缺省為false*/ show parameter O7;
/*由於O7_dictionary_accessiblity為靜態參數,不能動態改變,故加scope=spfile,下次啟動時才生效*/ alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile;
/*授予物件中的某些欄位的許可權,如select某表中的某些欄位的許可權*/ grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option;
/*oracle不允許授予select某列的許可權,但可以授insert ,update某列的許可權*/ grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option;
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs;
/*db/os/none審計被記錄在資料庫/作業系統/不審計缺省是none*/ show parameter audit_trail;
/*啟動對表的select動作*/ audit select on user.table_name by session;
/*by session在每個session中發出command只記錄一次,by access則每個command都記錄*/ audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful];
desc dbms_fga;---進一步設計,則可使用dbms_fgs包
/*取消審計*/ noaudit select on user.table_name;
/*查被審計資訊*/ select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts;
/*獲取審計記錄*/ select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement;
########### Managing Role #################
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name;
create role role_name; create role role_name identified by password; create role role_name identified externally;
set role role_name ; ----啟動role set role role_name identified by password;
alter role role_name not identified; alter role role_name identified by password; alter role role_name identified externally;
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; grant role_name1 to role_name2; /*建立default role,用戶登錄時,缺省啟動default role*/ alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; alter user user_name default role all; alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; alter user user_name default role none;
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; set role all; set role except role1,role2,...; set role none;
revoke role_name from user_name; revoke role_name from public;
drop role role_name;
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles;
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ;
select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配單個字元 /*手工分配分區,分配的資料檔案必須是表所在表空間內的資料檔案*/ alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
/*釋放表中沒有用到的空間*/ alter table table_name deallocate unused;
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
/*將非分區表的表空間搬到新的表空間,在移動表空間後,原表中的索引物件將會不可用,必須重建*/ alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
alter index index_name rebuild;
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column
/*給表中不用的列做標記*/ alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS;
/*drop表中不用的做了標記列*/ alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
/*當在drop col是出現異常,使用CONTINUE,防止重刪前面的column*/ ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000;
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
######## managing indexes ##########
/*create index*/ example: /*創建一般索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; /*創建點陣圖索引*/ create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; /*索引中不能用pctused*/ create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; /*大資料量的索引最好不要做日誌*/ create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; /*創建反轉索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; /*創建函數索引*/ create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; /*建表時創建約束條件*/ create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*給創建bitmap index分配的記憶體空間參數,以加速建索引*/ show parameter create_bit;
/*改變索引的存儲參數*/ alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
/*給索引手工分配一個分區*/ alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..');
/*釋放索引中沒用的空間*/ alter index index_name deallocate unused;
/*索引重建*/ alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
/*普通索引和反轉索引的互換*/ alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
/*重建索引時,不鎖表*/ alter index index_name rebuild online;
/*給索引整理碎片*/ alter index index_name COALESCE;
/*分析索引,事實上是更新統計的過程*/ analyze index index_name validate structure;
desc index_state;
drop index index_name;
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----監視索引是否被用到
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消監視
/*有關索引資訊的視圖*/ select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
##########資料完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ##########
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop約束
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----創建主鍵
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---創建唯一約束
/*創建外鍵約束*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1);
/*不效驗老資料,只約束新的資料[enable/disable:約束/不約束新資料;novalidate/validate:不對/對老資料進行驗證]*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate;
/*修改約束條件,延時驗證,commit時驗證*/ alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred;
/*修改約束條件,立即驗證*/ alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate;
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate;
/*drop一個有外鍵的主鍵表,帶cascade constraints參數級聯刪除*/ drop table table_name cascade constraints;
/*當truncate外鍵表時,先將外鍵設為無效,再truncate;*/ truncate table table_name;
/*設約束條件無效*/ alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name;
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name;
/*將無效約束的資料行放入exception的表中,此表記錄了違反資料約束的行的行號;在此之前,要先建exceptions表*/ alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions;
/*運行創建exceptions表的腳本*/ start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql;
/*獲取約束條件資訊的表或視圖*/ select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns;
################## managing password security and resources ####################
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----鎖定/打開用戶;
alter user user_name password expire;---設定口令到期
/*建立口令配置檔,failed_login_attempts口令輸多少次後鎖,password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自動解鎖*/ create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; /*創建口令配置檔*/ create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; /*建立資源配置檔*/ create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
alter user user_name profile profile_name;
/*設置口令解鎖時間*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24;
/*password_life_time指口令檔多少時間到期,password_grace_time指在第一次成功登錄後到口令到期有多少天時間可改變口令*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3;
/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天內可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次數*/ alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3];
alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用戶口令
drop profile profile_name;
/*建立了profile後,且指定給某個用戶,則必須用CASCADE才能刪除*/ drop profile profile_name CASCADE;
alter system set resource_limit=true;---啟用自願限制,缺省是false
/*配置資源參數*/ alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; /*資源參數(session級) cpu_per_session每個session佔用cpu的時間單位1/100秒 sessions_per_user允許每個用戶的並行session數 connect_time允許連接的時間單位分鐘 idle_time連接被空閒多少時間後,被自動斷開單位分鐘 logical_reads_per_session讀塊數 private_sga用戶能夠在SGA中使用的私有的空間數單位bytes
(call級) cpu_per_call每次(1/100秒)調用cpu的時間 logical_reads_per_call每次調用能夠讀的塊數 */
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10;
desc dbms_resouce_manager;---資源管理器包
/*獲取資源資訊的表或視圖*/ select * from dba_users/dba_profiles;
###### Managing users ############
show parameter os;
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001;
grant connect,createtable to testuser1;
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name;
/*創建用戶*/ create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
/*資料庫級設定缺省臨時表空間*/ alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*制定資料庫級的缺省表空間*/ alter database default tablespace tablespace_name;
/*創建os級審核的用戶,需知道os_authent_prefix,表示oracle和os口令對應的首碼,'OPS$'為此參數的值,此值可以任意設置*/ create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire;
/*修改用戶使用表空間的限額,回滾表空間和臨時表空間不允許授予限額*/ alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name |