• oracle常用經典SQL查詢


     

    1、查看表空間的名稱及大小

     

    select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size

    from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d

    where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name

    group by t.tablespace_name;

     

    2、查看表空間物理檔的名稱及大小

     

    select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,

    round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space

    from dba_data_files

    order by tablespace_name;

     

    3、查看回滾段名稱及大小

     

    select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status, 

    (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent, 

    max_extents, v.curext CurExtent

    From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v

    Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)

    order by segment_name;

     

    4、查看控制文件

     

    select name from v$controlfile;

     

    5、查看日誌檔

     

    select member from v$logfile;

     

    6、查看表空間的使用情況

     

    select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name 

    from dba_free_space

    group by tablespace_name;

     

    SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,

    (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"

    FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C

    WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 

     

    7、查看資料庫庫物件

     

    select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;

     

    8、查看資料庫的版本 

     

    Select version FROM Product_component_version 

    Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle';

     

    9、查看資料庫的創建日期和歸檔方式

     

    Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database; 

     

    10、捕捉運行很久的SQL

     

    column username format a12 

    column opname format a16 

    column progress format a8 

     

    select username,sid,opname, 

          round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress, 

          time_remaining,sql_text 

    from v$session_longops , v$sql 

    where time_remaining <> 0 

    and sql_address = address 

    and sql_hash_value = hash_value 

    /

    11。查看資料表的參數資訊

    SELECT   partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,

            pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,

            next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,

            freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,

            empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size,

            last_analyzed

       FROM dba_tab_partitions

      --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner

    ORDER BY partition_position

     

    12.查看還沒提交的事務

    select * from v$locked_object;

    select * from v$transaction;

     

    13。查找object為哪些進程所用

    select 

    p.spid,

    s.sid,

    s.serial# serial_num,

    s.username user_name,

    a.type  object_type,

    s.osuser os_user_name,

    a.owner,

    a.object object_name,

    decode(sign(48 - command),

    1,

    to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,

    p.program oracle_process,

    s.terminal terminal,

    s.program program,

    s.status session_status   

    from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p   

    where s.paddr = p.addr and

         s.type = 'USER' and    

         a.sid = s.sid   and

      a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR'

    order by s.username, s.osuser

     

    14。回滾段查看

    select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents 

    Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs, 

    v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes, 

    sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs, 

    v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and 

    v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum

     

    15。耗資源的進程(top session

    select s.schemaname schema_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, 

    to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,    status 

    session_status,   s.osuser os_user_name,   s.sid,         p.spid ,         s.serial# serial_num,   

    nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name,   s.terminal terminal,    

    s.program program,   st.value criteria_value  from v$sesstat st,   v$session s  , v$process p   

    where st.sid = s.sid and   st.statistic# = to_number('38') and   ('ALL' = 'ALL' 

    or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc,  p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc

     

    16。查看鎖(lock)情況

    select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name,   ls.username user_name,   

    decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX', 

    'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type,   

    o.object_name object,   decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3, 

    'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null) 

    lock_mode,    o.owner,   ls.sid,   ls.serial# serial_num,   ls.id1,   ls.id2    

    from sys.dba_objects o, (   select s.osuser,    s.username,    l.type,     

    l.lmode,    s.sid,    s.serial#,    l.id1,    l.id2   from v$session s,     

    v$lock l   where s.sid = l.sid ) ls  where o.object_id = ls.id1 and    o.owner 

    <> 'SYS'   order by o.owner, o.object_name

     

    17。查看等待(wait)情況

    SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value 

    FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets', 

    'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count

     

    18。查看sga情況

    SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC

     

    19。查看catched object

    SELECT owner,              name,              db_link,              namespace,  

               type,              sharable_mem,              loads,              executions,   

              locks,              pins,              kept        FROM v$db_object_cache

             

    20。查看V$SQLAREA

    SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS, 

    VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS, 

    USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,

    BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA

    21。查看object分類數量

    select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 

    'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from 

    sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 

    , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select 

    'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from 

     

    22。按用戶查看object種類

    select u.name schema,   sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,   

    sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,   sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL)) 

    clusters,   sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,   sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1, 

    NULL)) synonyms,   sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,   

    sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1)) 

    others   from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u   where o.type# >= 1 and    u.user# = 

    o.owner# and   u.name <> 'PUBLIC'   group by u.name    order by 

    sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$

     

    23。有關connection的相關資訊

    1)查看有哪些用戶連接

    select s.osuser os_user_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),

    'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action,     p.program oracle_process,     

    status session_status,    s.terminal terminal,    s.program program,    

    s.username user_name,    s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,    '' query,    

    0 memory,    0 max_memory,     0 cpu_usage,    s.sid,   s.serial# serial_num    

    from v$session s,    v$process p   where s.paddr=p.addr and    s.type = 'USER'  

    order by s.username, s.osuser

    2)根據v.sid查看對應連接的資源佔用等情況

    select n.name, 

     v.value, 

     n.class,

     n.statistic#  

    from  v$statname n, 

     v$sesstat v 

    where v.sid = 71 and 

     v.statistic# = n.statistic# 

    order by n.class, n.statistic#

    3)根據sid查看對應連接正在運行的sql

    select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */

     command_type, 

     sql_text, 

     sharable_mem, 

     persistent_mem, 

     runtime_mem, 

     sorts, 

     version_count, 

     loaded_versions, 

     open_versions, 

     users_opening, 

     executions, 

     users_executing, 

     loads, 

     first_load_time, 

     invalidations, 

     parse_calls, 

     disk_reads, 

     buffer_gets, 

     rows_processed,

     sysdate start_time,

     sysdate finish_time,

     '>' || address sql_address,

     'N' status 

    from v$sqlarea

    where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)

     

    24.查詢表空間使用情況

    select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱",

    100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "佔用率(%)",

    round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",

    round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空閒(M)",

    round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",

    Largest "最大擴展段(M)",

    to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "採樣時間" 

    from  (select f.tablespace_name,

       sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,

       sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes 

    from dba_data_files f 

    group by tablespace_name) a,

    (select  f.tablespace_name,

        sum(f.bytes) bytes_free 

    from dba_free_space f 

    group by tablespace_name) b,

    (select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest,

       ts.name tablespace_name 

    from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts 

    where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts# 

    group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c 

    where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name

     

    25.查詢表空間的碎片程度

     

    select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name 

    having count(tablespace_name)>10; 

     

    alter tablespace name coalesce; 

    alter table name deallocate unused; 

     

    create or replace view ts_blocks_v as 

    select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space 

    union all 

    select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents; 

     

    select * from ts_blocks_v; 

     

    select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space 

    group by tablespace_name;

     

    26。查詢有哪些資料庫實例在運行

    select inst_name from v$active_instances;

     

    ===========================================================

    #########創建資料庫----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql ############# 

     

    create database db01 

    maxlogfiles 10 

    maxdatafiles 1024 

    maxinstances 2 

    logfile 

    GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, 

    GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, 

    GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, 

    datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M, 

    undo tablespace UNDO 

    datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M 

    default temporary tablespace TEMP 

    tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M 

    extent management local uniform size 128k 

    character set AL32UTE8 

    national character set AL16UTF16 

    set time_zone='America/New_York'; 

     

    ###############資料字典 ########## 

     

    set wrap off 

     

    select * from v$dba_users; 

     

    grant select on table_name to user/rule; 

     

    select * from user_tables; 

     

    select * from all_tables; 

     

    select * from dba_tables; 

     

    revoke dba from user_name; 

     

    shutdown immediate 

     

    startup nomount 

     

    select * from v$instance; 

     

    select * from v$sga; 

     

    select * from v$tablespace; 

     

    alter session set nls_language=american; 

     

    alter database mount; 

     

    select * from v$database; 

     

    alter database open; 

     

    desc dictionary 

     

    select * from dict; 

     

    desc v$fixed_table; 

     

    select * from v$fixed_table; 

     

    set oracle_sid=foxconn 

     

    select * from dba_objects; 

     

    set serveroutput on 

     

    execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd'); 

     

    #############控制文件 ########### 

     

    select * from v$database; 

     

    select * from v$tablespace; 

     

    select * from v$logfile; 

     

    select * from v$log; 

     

    select * from v$backup; 

     

    /*備份用戶表空間*/ 

    alter tablespace users begin backup; 

     

    select * from v$archived_log; 

     

    select * from v$controlfile; 

     

    alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl', 

    '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile; 

     

    cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl 

     

    startup pfile='../initSID.ora' 

     

    select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ; 

     

    show parameter control; 

     

    select * from v$controlfile_record_section; 

     

    select * from v$tempfile; 

     

    /*備份控制檔*/ 

    alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak'; 

     

    /*備份控制檔,並將二進位控制檔變為了asc的文字檔案*/ 

    alter database backup controlfile to trace; 

     

    ############### redo log ############## 

     

    archive log list; 

     

    alter system archive log start;--啟動自動封存

     

    alter system switch logfile;--強行進行一次日誌switch 

     

    alter system checkpoint;--強制進行一次checkpoint 

     

    alter tablspace users begin backup; 

     

    alter tablespace offline; 

     

    /*checkpoint同步頻率參數FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步頻率越高,系統恢復所需時間越短*/ 

    show parameter fast; 

     

    show parameter log_checkpoint; 

     

    /*加入一個日誌組*/ 

    alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M); 

     

    /*加入日誌組的一個成員*/ 

    alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3; 

     

    /*刪除日誌組:當前日誌組不能刪;活動的日誌組不能刪;非歸檔的日誌組不能刪*/ 

    alter database drop logfile group 3; 

     

    /*刪除日誌組中的某個成員,但每個組的最後一個成員不能被刪除*/ 

    alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; 

     

    /*清除線上日誌*/ 

    alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; 

     

    alter database clear logfile group 3; 

     

    /*清除非歸檔日誌*/ 

    alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3; 

     

    /*重命名日誌檔*/ 

    alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo'; 

     

    show parameter db_create; 

     

    alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name'; 

     

    select * from v$log; 

     

    select * from v$logfile; 

     

    /*資料庫歸檔模式到非歸檔模式的互換,要啟動到mount狀態下才能改變;startup mount;然後再打開資料庫.*/ 

    alter database noarchivelog/archivelog; 

     

    achive log start;---啟動自動歸檔

     

    alter system archive all;--手工歸檔所有日誌檔

     

    select * from v$archived_log; 

     

    show parameter log_archive; 

    /*使用字元函數(右邊截取,欄位中包含某個字元,左邊填充某字元到固定位元數,右邊填充某字元到固定位元數)*/ 

    select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name; 

     

    /*使用數位函數(往右/左幾位四捨五入,取整,取餘)*/ 

    select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; 

     

    /*使用日期函數(計算兩個日期間相差幾個星期,兩個日期間相隔幾個月,在某個月份上加幾個月,某個日期的下一個日期, 

    某日期所在月的最後的日期,對某個日期的月分四捨五入,對某個日期的月份進行取整)*/ 

    select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate), 

    round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name; 

     

    /*使用NULL函數(expr1為空取expr2/expr1為空取expr2,否則取expr3/expr1=expr2返回空)*/ 

    select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; 

     

    select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1 

    when '30' then column2*2.1 

    when '10' then column3/20 

    else column3 

    end as ttt 

    from table_name ; ------使用case函數

     

    select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 

    [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡兒連接

    [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用兩個表中的同名列連接

    [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用兩個表中的同名列中的某一列或幾列連接

    [JOIN table2 

    ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | 

    [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相當於(+)=,=(+)連接,全外連接

    ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN語法; 

     

    example: 

    select col1,col2 from table1 t1 

    join table2 t2 

    on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1 

    join table3 t3 

    on t2.col1=t3.col3; 

     

    select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 

     

    select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 

     

    insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3); 

     

    MERGE INTO table_name table1 

    USING table_name2 table2 

    ON (table1.col1=table2.col2) 

    WHEN MATCHED THEN 

    UPDATE SET 

    table1.col1=table2.col2, 

    table1.col2=table2.col3, 

    ... 

    WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN 

    INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合併語句

     

    ##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE ####################### 

     

    alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column 

     

    alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----設置列無效,這個比較快。

    alter table table_name drop unused columns;---刪除被設為無效的列

     

    rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表

     

    comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----給表放入注釋信息

     

    create table table_name 

    (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), 

    constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定義表中的約束條件

     

    alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----創建主鍵

     

    /*建立外鍵*/ 

    create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); 

     

    alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%'); 

     

    alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; 

     

    alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----級聯刪除主鍵

     

    alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使約束暫時無效

     

    /*刪除列,並級聯刪除此列下的約束條件*/ 

    alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; 

     

    select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---約束條件相關視圖

     

    ############## Create Views ##################### 

     

    CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] 

    AS subquery 

    [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] 

    [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------創建視圖的語法

     

    example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------創建視圖

    /*使用別名*/ 

    Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; 

    /*創建複雜視圖*/ 

    Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; 

    /*當用update修改資料時,必須滿足視圖的col1>10的條件,不滿足則不能被改變.*/ 

    Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option; 

     

    /*改變視圖的值.對於簡單視圖可以用update語法修改表資料,但複雜視圖則不一定能改。如使用了函數,group by ,distinct等的列*/ 

    update view_name set col1=value1; 

     

    /*TOP-N分析*/ 

    select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; 

     

    /*找出某列三條最大值的記錄*/ 

    example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3; 

     

    ############# Other database Object ############### 

     

    CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] 

    [START WITH n] 

    [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] 

    [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] 

    [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] 

    [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----創建SEQUENCE 

     

    example: 

    CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 

    START WITH 120 

    MAXVALUE 9999 

    NOCACHE 

    NOCYCLE; 

     

    select * from user_sequences ;---當前用戶下記錄sequence的視圖

     

    select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用

     

    alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 

    MAXVALUE 999999 

    NOCACHE 

    NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改變起始序號

     

    drop sequence sequence_name; ----刪除sequence 

     

    CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------創建同義詞

     

    DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----刪除同義詞

     

    CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----創建DBLINK 

     

    select * from object_name@link_name; ----訪問遠端資料庫中的物件

     

    /*union操作,它將兩個集合的交集部分壓縮,並對資料排序*/ 

    select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 

     

    /*union all操作,兩個集合的交集部分不壓縮,且不對資料排序*/ 

    select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 

     

    /*intersect操作,求兩個集合的交集,它將對重復資料進行壓縮,且排序*/ 

    select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 

     

    /*minus操作,集合減,它將壓縮兩個集合減後的重複記錄,且對資料排序*/ 

    select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 

     

    /*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的年*/ 

    select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 

    /*EXTRACT抽取時間函數.此例是抽取當前日期中的月*/ 

    select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 

     

    ##########################增強的group by子句 ######################### 

     

    select [column,] group_function(column)... 

    from table 

    [WHERE condition] 

    [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 

    [HAVING having_expression]; 

    [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字,對group by子句的各欄位從右到左進行再聚合

     

    example: 

    /*其結果看起來象對col1做小計*/ 

    select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2); 

    /*複合rollup運算式*/ 

    select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2)); 

     

    select [column,] group_function(column)... 

    from table 

    [WHERE condition] 

    [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] 

    [HAVING having_expression]; 

    [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字,除完成ROLLUP的功能外,再對ROLLUP後的結果集從右到左再聚合

     

    example: 

    /*其結果看起來象對col1做小計後,再對col2做小計,最後算總計*/ 

    select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 

    /*複合rollup運算式*/ 

    select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2)); 

    /*混合rollup,cube運算式*/ 

    select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3); 

     

    /*GROUPING(expr)函數,查看select語句種以何欄位聚合,其取值為01*/ 

    select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr) 

    from table 

    [WHERE condition] 

    [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 

    [HAVING having_expression]; 

    [ORDER BY column]; 

     

    example: 

    select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 

     

    /*grouping sets操作,對group by結果集先對col1求和,再對col2求和,最後將其結果集並在一起*/ 

    select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));

     

    /*刪除用戶或刪除級聯用戶(用戶物件下有物件的要用CASCADE,將其下一些物件一起刪除)*/ 

    drop user user_name [CASCADE]; 

     

    /*每個用戶在哪些表空間下有些什麼限額*/ 

    desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...'; 

     

    /*改變用戶的缺省表空間*/ 

    alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name; 

     

    ######### Managing Privileges ############# 

     

    grant create table,create session to user_name; 

     

    grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; 

     

    /*授予許可權語法,public標識所有用戶,with admin option允許能將許可權授予第三者的許可權*/ 

    grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; 

     

    select * from v$pwfile_users; 

     

    /*O7_dictionary_accessiblity參數為True時,標識select any table時,包括系統表也能select ,否則,不包含系統表;缺省為false*/ 

    show parameter O7; 

     

    /*由於O7_dictionary_accessiblity為靜態參數,不能動態改變,故加scope=spfile,下次啟動時才生效*/ 

    alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; 

     

    /*授予物件中的某些欄位的許可權,如select某表中的某些欄位的許可權*/ 

    grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; 

     

    /*oracle不允許授予select某列的許可權,但可以授insert ,update某列的許可權*/ 

    grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; 

     

    select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; 

     

    /*db/os/none審計被記錄在資料庫/作業系統/不審計缺省是none*/ 

    show parameter audit_trail; 

     

    /*啟動對表的select動作*/ 

    audit select on user.table_name by session; 

     

    /*by session在每個session中發出command只記錄一次,by access則每個command都記錄*/ 

    audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; 

     

    desc dbms_fga;---進一步設計,則可使用dbms_fgs

     

    /*取消審計*/ 

    noaudit select on user.table_name; 

     

    /*查被審計資訊*/ 

    select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; 

     

    /*獲取審計記錄*/ 

    select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement; 

     

    ########### Managing Role ################# 

     

    create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; 

     

    create role role_name; 

    create role role_name identified by password; 

    create role role_name identified externally; 

     

    set role role_name ; ----啟動role 

    set role role_name identified by password; 

     

    alter role role_name not identified; 

    alter role role_name identified by password; 

    alter role role_name identified externally; 

     

    grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; 

    grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; 

    grant role_name1 to role_name2; 

    /*建立default role,用戶登錄時,缺省啟動default role*/ 

    alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; 

    alter user user_name default role all; 

    alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; 

    alter user user_name default role none; 

     

    set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; 

    set role all; 

    set role except role1,role2,...; 

    set role none; 

     

    revoke role_name from user_name; 

    revoke role_name from public; 

     

    drop role role_name; 

     

    select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles; 

     

    ########### Basic SQL SELECT ################ 

     

    select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; 

     

    select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配單個字元

    /*手工分配分區,分配的資料檔案必須是表所在表空間內的資料檔案*/ 

    alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...'); 

     

    /*釋放表中沒有用到的空間*/ 

    alter table table_name deallocate unused; 

     

    alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k; 

     

    /*將非分區表的表空間搬到新的表空間,在移動表空間後,原表中的索引物件將會不可用,必須重建*/ 

    alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name; 

     

    create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users; 

     

    alter index index_name rebuild; 

     

    drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; 

     

    alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column 

     

    /*給表中不用的列做標記*/ 

    alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 

     

    /*drop表中不用的做了標記列*/ 

    alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 

     

    /*當在drop col是出現異常,使用CONTINUE,防止重刪前面的column*/ 

    ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000; 

     

    select * from dba_tables/dba_objects; 

     

    ######## managing indexes ########## 

     

    /*create index*/ 

    example: 

    /*創建一般索引*/ 

    create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; 

    /*創建點陣圖索引*/ 

    create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; 

    /*索引中不能用pctused*/ 

    create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; 

    /*大資料量的索引最好不要做日誌*/ 

    create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; 

    /*創建反轉索引*/ 

    create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; 

    /*創建函數索引*/ 

    create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; 

    /*建表時創建約束條件*/ 

    create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; 

     

    /*給創建bitmap index分配的記憶體空間參數,以加速建索引*/ 

    show parameter create_bit; 

     

    /*改變索引的存儲參數*/ 

    alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); 

     

    /*給索引手工分配一個分區*/ 

    alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..'); 

     

    /*釋放索引中沒用的空間*/ 

    alter index index_name deallocate unused; 

     

    /*索引重建*/ 

    alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; 

     

    /*普通索引和反轉索引的互換*/ 

    alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; 

     

    /*重建索引時,不鎖表*/ 

    alter index index_name rebuild online; 

     

    /*給索引整理碎片*/ 

    alter index index_name COALESCE; 

     

    /*分析索引,事實上是更新統計的過程*/ 

    analyze index index_name validate structure; 

     

    desc index_state; 

     

    drop index index_name; 

     

    alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----監視索引是否被用到

     

    alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消監視

     

    /*有關索引資訊的視圖*/ 

    select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage; 

     

    ##########資料完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ########## 

     

    alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop約束

     

    alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----創建主鍵

     

    alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---創建唯一約束

     

    /*創建外鍵約束*/ 

    alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); 

     

    /*不效驗老資料,只約束新的資料[enable/disable:約束/不約束新資料;novalidate/validate:不對/對老資料進行驗證]*/ 

    alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate; 

     

    /*修改約束條件,延時驗證,commit時驗證*/ 

    alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; 

     

    /*修改約束條件,立即驗證*/ 

    alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; 

     

    alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; 

     

    /*drop一個有外鍵的主鍵表,cascade constraints參數級聯刪除*/ 

    drop table table_name cascade constraints; 

     

    /*truncate外鍵表時,先將外鍵設為無效,再truncate;*/ 

    truncate table table_name; 

     

    /*設約束條件無效*/ 

    alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; 

     

    alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; 

     

    /*將無效約束的資料行放入exception的表中,此表記錄了違反資料約束的行的行號;在此之前,要先建exceptions*/ 

    alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; 

     

    /*運行創建exceptions表的腳本*/ 

    start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; 

     

    /*獲取約束條件資訊的表或視圖*/ 

    select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns; 

     

    ################## managing password security and resources #################### 

     

    alter user user_name account unlock/open;----鎖定/打開用戶; 

     

    alter user user_name password expire;---設定口令到期

     

    /*建立口令配置檔,failed_login_attempts口令輸多少次後鎖,password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自動解鎖*/ 

    create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; 

    /*創建口令配置檔*/ 

    create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; 

    /*建立資源配置檔*/ 

    create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 

     

    alter user user_name profile profile_name; 

     

    /*設置口令解鎖時間*/ 

    alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; 

     

    /*password_life_time指口令檔多少時間到期,password_grace_time指在第一次成功登錄後到口令到期有多少天時間可改變口令*/ 

    alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; 

     

    /*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天內可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次數*/ 

    alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; 

     

    alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用戶口令

     

    drop profile profile_name; 

     

    /*建立了profile後,且指定給某個用戶,則必須用CASCADE才能刪除*/ 

    drop profile profile_name CASCADE; 

     

    alter system set resource_limit=true;---啟用自願限制,缺省是false 

     

    /*配置資源參數*/ 

    alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; 

    /*資源參數(session) 

    cpu_per_session每個session佔用cpu的時間單位1/100

    sessions_per_user允許每個用戶的並行session

    connect_time允許連接的時間單位分鐘

    idle_time連接被空閒多少時間後,被自動斷開單位分鐘

    logical_reads_per_session讀塊數

    private_sga用戶能夠在SGA中使用的私有的空間數單位bytes 

     

    (call) 

    cpu_per_call每次(1/100)調用cpu的時間

    logical_reads_per_call每次調用能夠讀的塊數

    */ 

     

    alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; 

     

    desc dbms_resouce_manager;---資源管理器包

     

    /*獲取資源資訊的表或視圖*/ 

    select * from dba_users/dba_profiles; 

     

    ###### Managing users ############ 

     

    show parameter os; 

     

    create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; 

     

    grant connect,createtable to testuser1; 

     

    alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; 

     

    /*創建用戶*/ 

    create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 

     

    /*資料庫級設定缺省臨時表空間*/ 

    alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 

     

    /*制定資料庫級的缺省表空間*/ 

    alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; 

     

    /*創建os級審核的用戶,需知道os_authent_prefix,表示oracleos口令對應的首碼,'OPS$'為此參數的值,此值可以任意設置*/ 

    create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 

     

    /*修改用戶使用表空間的限額,回滾表空間和臨時表空間不允許授予限額*/ 

    alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zqmingok/p/2059686.html
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