• 新建djando的配置


    一  :新建django的配置

    准备工作,先在数据库中创建一个库,并指定utf8编码

    CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS student default character set utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
    

      

    在项目下的settings.py配置文件下配置数据库

    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
            'NAME': 'student',
            'USER': 'root',
            'PASSWORD': '123123',
            'HOST': '192.168.244.10',
            'PORT': '3306',
        }
    }

    __init__.py文件的配置

    import pymysql
    pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
    
    #打开数据库链接
    db = pymysql.connect("192.168.244.10","root","123123","student")
    
    #使用cursor()方法获取游标
    cursor = db.cursor()
    
    cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
    
    data = cursor.fetchone()
    
    print("Database version : %s" % data)
    
    db.close()
    

     测试一下和数据库的连通性

    python manage.py runserver 
    完了以后先退出终端,先不启动

    ***************************************

    二 .创建一个应用,并激活

    python manage.py startapp myApp

    创建项目后在settings.py文件中添加项目

    激活其实就是这一步的添加过程

    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        'django.contrib.admin',
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'django.contrib.sessions',
        'django.contrib.messages',
        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
        'myApp'

     在模板中定义和数据表相对应的类

    class Grades(models.Model):
        gname = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        gdate  = models.DateField()
        ggirlnum = models.IntegerField()
        gboynum = models.IntegerField()
        isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
        def __str__(self):
            return "%s-%d-%d" %(self.gname,self.ggirlnum,self.gboynum)
    
    
    class Student(models.Model):
        sname = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        sgender = models.BooleanField(default=True)
        sage = models.IntegerField()
        scontend = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
        sgrade = models.ForeignKey("Grades",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    

    在数据库中生成数据表:

    要在数据库中生成数据,先要生成一个迁移文件,并执行迁移文件

    创建上面的应用myApp后,会在myApp下生成migrations目录

    python manage.py makemigrations


    python manage.py migrate

      

    三 :在终端测试模板和数据库交互的情况(创建数据)

    进入django的shell环境
    E:老男孩课程	udent>python manage.py shell
    ###########################################
    >>> from myApp.models import Grades,Student
    >>> from django.utils import timezone
    >>> from datetime import *
    from myApp.models import Grades,Student
    from django.utils import timezone
    from datetime import *

    ----------------------------------------------------- 通过模型类查看数据 >>> Grades.objects.all()
    Grades.objects.all()

    ------------------------------------------------------ 添加一条数据的本质 本质:创建一个模型类的对象 >>> grade1 = Grades() >>> grade1.gname = "python04" >>> grade1.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=17) >>> grade1.ggirlnum = 3 >>> grade1.gboynum = 70 >>> grade1.save()

    grade1 = Grades()
    grade1.gname = "python04"
    grade1.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=17)
    grade1.ggirlnum = 3
    grade1.gboynum = 70
    grade1.save()




    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    >>> grade2 = Grades()
    >>> grade2.gname = "python05"
    >>>
    >>>
    >>> grade2.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=30)
    >>> grade2.ggirlnum = 8
    >>> grage2.gboynum = 66
    >>> grade2.gboynum = 72
    >>> grade2.save()

    grade2 = Grades()

    grade2.gname = "python05"

    grade2.gdate = datetime(year=2017,month=11,day=30)

    grade2.ggirlnum = 8

    grade2.gboynum = 66

    grade2.gboynum = 72

    grade2.save()

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      

    四 :在shell环境查看生成的表数据(包括修改和删除数据)

    退出重新进一次shell环境

    quit()
    
    python manage.py shell
    
    #并重新导入三个库
    >>> from myApp.models import Grades,Student
    >>> from django.utils import timezone
    >>> from datetime import *
    
    
    通过模型类查看数据
    >>> Grades.objects.all()

    查看单个表中的数据

    >>> Grades.objects.get(pk=1)
    <Grades: python04-3-70>
    >>> Grades.objects.get(pk=2)
    <Grades: python05-8-72>

    修改单个表中的数据

    语法:模型对象.gboynum=值

    >>> grade2.gboynum = 50
    >>> grade2.save()

    删除单个表中的数据(物理删除)

    语法:模型对象.delete()

    >>> grade2.delete()
    (1, {'myApp.Student': 0, 'myApp.Grades': 1})

      

    获得关联对象的集合

    先创建两个学生表

    >>> grade1=Grades.objects.get(pk=1)
    >>> stu1 = Student()
    >>> stu1.sname = "王福田"
    >>> stu1.sgender = False
    >>> stu1.sage = 25
    #如下,指点班级列等于另外一个表的对象,就会自动关联 >>> stu1.sgrade = grade1 >>> stu1.save()
    grade1=Grades.objects.get(pk=1)
    stu1 = Student()
    stu1.sname = "王福田"
    stu1.sgender = False
    stu1.sage = 25
    stu1.sgrade = grade1  
    stu1.save()
    ---------------------------------------------------------

    >>> stu2 = Student() >>> stu2.sname = "张宝来" >>> stu2.sgender = False >>> stu2.sage = 30 >>> stu2.sgrade = grade1 >>> stu2.save()

    stu2 = Student()
    stu2.sname = "张宝来"
    stu2.sgender = False
    stu2.sage = 30
    stu2.sgrade = grade1
    stu2.save()
    ----------------------------------------------



    查看班级有哪些学生:
    因为没有重写类的return,所以返回的不是数据
    另外,_set.all是django自带的一个方法,虽然我没有定义,但是也可以使用

    >>> grade1.student_set.all()
    <QuerySet [<Student: Student object (1)>, <Student: Student object (2)>]>
    >>>

      

    一条命令创建学生并关联主键

    不用save,直接存入数据库

    >>> stu3=grade1.student_set.create(sname=u'zhangsan',scontend=u'my name is zhangsan',sage=45)
    

      

    在maApp文件夹下的models.py文件中编写一个函数,用于返回数据值

    class Grades(models.Model):
        gname = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        gdate  = models.DateField()
        ggirlnum = models.IntegerField()
        gboynum = models.IntegerField()
        isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
        def __str__(self):
            return "%s-%d-%d" %(self.gname,self.ggirlnum,self.gboynum)
    

      

    五 .启动服务器

    python manage.py runserver  ip:port
    如果是本机可以不写,默认是本机ip,端口是8000
    python manage.py runserver
    

      

    五. 站点管理

    在另外一个终端,创建超用户

    python manage.py createsuperuser

      

    在setting.py文件中修改字符集和时间

    LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'
    
    TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
    

      

    管理数据表

    在admin.py文件中对表进行注册

    注册以后刷新http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/页面,会出现已经注册上的表

    from .models import Grades,Student
    
    #注册
    admin.site.register(Grades)
    admin.site.register(Student)
    

      

     5.1 站点自定义管理

    在应用的admin.py文件中定义

    from .models import Grades,Student
    class GradesAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        #列表页属性
        list_display = ['gname','gdate','ggirlnum','gboynum','isDelete']
        # list_filter = ['gname']
        # search_fields = []
        # list_per_page = []
    class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['sname','sgender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend']
    list_per_page = 2
      #添加,修改列表也属性
      #可以规定先后顺寻,
      #这两个属性不能同时使用
      # fields =['ggirlnum','gboynum','gdate','isDelete']
      # fieldsets = [
      # ("num",{"fields":['ggirlnum','gboynum']}),
      # ("base",{"fields":['gname','gdate','isDelete']})
      # ]
    admin.site.register(Grades,GradesAdmin) #要点,这个后面怎加了GradesAdmin,否则上面的属性不会用到 admin.site.register(Student)

    admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin)

      

    5.2 小需求练习

    在原来的admin.py配置文件中加入StudentInfo类,并在GradeAdmin类中加入inlines属性

    class StudentInfo(admin.TabularInline):
        #使用模板中的哪个类
        model = Student
        #自动添加几个
        extra = 2
    class GradesAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        inlines = [StudentInfo]
        #列表页属性
        list_display = ['gname','gdate','ggirlnum','gboynum','isDelete']
        #过滤条件
        list_filter = ['gname']
        #搜索字段
        search_fields = ['gname']
        #分页
        # list_per_page = 2
    

      

    5.3布尔值的显示问题

    男女显示的问题

    class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        def gender(self):
            if self.sgender:
                return "男"
            else:
                return "女"
       
    #设置页面列的名称
    gender.short_description = "性别"
    list_display = ['pk','sname','gender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend'] list_per_page = 10

    5.4执行动作的位置问题(action的问题)

    class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        # def gender(self):
        #     if self.sgender:
        #         return "男"
        #     else:
        #         return "女"
        #设置页面列的名称
        # gender.short_description = "性别"
     
       #就是设置action的布尔值
        actions_on_bottom = True
        actions_on_top = False
        list_display = ['pk','sname','gender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend']
        list_per_page = 10
    admin.site.register(Grades,GradesAdmin)
    admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin)
    

      

    5.5使用装饰器完成注册

    以后都用装饰器来完成注册


    @admin.register(Student)
    class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        # def gender(self):
        #     if self.sgender:
        #         return "男"
        #     else:
        #         return "女"
        #设置页面列的名称
        # gender.short_description = "性别"
     
       #就是设置action的布尔值
        actions_on_bottom = True
        actions_on_top = False
        list_display = ['pk','sname','gender','sage','sgrade','isDelete','scontend']
        list_per_page = 10

    把调用注释掉
    #admin.site.register(Student,StudentAdmin)

      

    六,视图

    视图其实就是一个函数,在创建的app中的vews.py文件中添加

    from django.shortcuts import render
    from django.http import HttpResponse
    # Create your views here.
    def index(request):
        return HttpResponse("sunck is a good man")
    

      

    按照django架构,http请求过来是先找url,url在找视图,所以我们这里先配置url控制器

    urls.py文件默认在项目student目录下,除此之外,我们需要在新建的应用myApp目录中也建一个urls.py文件,所以总共加起来有两个urls.py文件

    这里我们先配置默认已经存在的urls.py文件

    from django.contrib import admin
    from django.conf.urls import include,url
    
    urlpatterns = [
        url(r'admin/', admin.site.urls),
        url(r'^',include('myApp.urls')),
    ]
    

     

     

    接下来修改刚创建的myApp文件下的urls.py文件

    from django.conf.urls import url
    from . import views
    urlpatterns = [
        url (r'^$', views.index)
    ]
    

      

    七,模板

    模板是html页面

    根据视图中传递过来啦的数据,进行填充

    7.1创建模板目录

    在templates目录下创建目录,templates和myApp,student,manage,py都是同级的

    在templates目录下创建对应的应用的目录

    7.2配置模板路径

    在settings.py文件

    其中basedir指的就是myApp,student,manage,py这几个所在的文件夹的目录

    TEMPLATES = [
        {
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')]
            ,
            'APP_DIRS': True,
            'OPTIONS': {
                'context_processors': [
                    'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                    'django.template.context_processors.request',
                    'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                    'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
                ],
            },
        },
    ]
    

      

    7.3小需求练习,我要展示http://172.0.0.1:8000/grade

    先定义模板,我的html长什么样

    在templates下的myApp下新建一个html文件

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>班级</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>
            {% for grade in grades%}
            <li>
                <a href="#">{{ grade.gname }}</a>
            </li>
            {% endfor %}
        </h1>
    </body>
    </html>
    

      

    7.3.1模板语法;

    语法1:{{输出值,可以是变量,也可以是对象.属性}}

    语法2:{%代码段%}

    7.3.2, 定义视图

    视图从模板中取数据

    from django.shortcuts import render
    from django.http import HttpResponse
    # Create your views here.
    def index(request):
        return HttpResponse("sunck is a good man")
    
    
    from .models import Grades
    def grades(request):
        #去模板里取数据
        gradesList=Grades.objects.all()
        #将数据传递给模板,模板再渲染页面,将渲染好的页面返回给浏览器,下面字典里的grades就是html中的变量
        return render(request,'myApp/grades.html',{"grades":gradesList})
    

     

    7.3.3  设置url,

    浏览器通过url来找视图

    因为上面最外层的url已经包含了应用层的url,所以直接在最里面的urls.py文件中配置视图

    from django.conf.urls import url
    from . import views
    urlpatterns = [
        url (r'^$', views.index),
        #如果没有视图,则要导入
        url(r'^grades/$',views.grades)
    ]
    

      

     7.4 小需求,在原来的基础上,展示班级下面的所有学生

    定义视图

    from .models import Student
    def students(request):
        studentsList=Student.objects.all()
        return render(request,'myApp/student.html',{"students":studentsList})
    
    def gradesStudents(request,num):
        #获得对应的班级对象
        grade=Grades.objects.get(pk=num)
        #获得班级下的所有学生
        studentsList = grade.student_set.all()
        return render(request,'myApp/student.html',{"students":studentsList})
    

      

    添加url

    from django.conf.urls import url
    from . import views
    urlpatterns = [
        url (r'^$', views.index),
        #如果没有视图,则要导入
        url(r'^grades/$',views.grades),
        url(r'students/$',views.students),
        url(r'^grades/(d+)$',views.gradesStudents)
    ]
    

      

    创建学生的模板

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>学生信息</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>
            <ul>
                {% for student in students %}
                 <li>
                    {{ student.sname }}--{{ students.scontend }}
                 </li>   
                {% endfor %}
            </ul>
        </h1>
    </body>
    </html>
    

      

     同时修改班级的模板

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>班级</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>
            {% for grade in grades%}
            <li>
                <a href="{{ grade.id }}">{{ grade.gname }}</a>
            </li>
            {% endfor %}
        </h1>
    </body>
    </html>
    

    八:移动数据库以后,删除迁移文件,在生成一次迁移文件,再执行

    ll

    九。补充,ORM映射关系

    O:模型   R:映射   M:数据库

    十.模型类,属性,表,字段的关系

    一个模型类在数据库中对应一张表,模型类的属性在与之对应的表中对应一个字段

    模型类中的属性

    学习链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_34493908/article/details/80388041

     十一,创建模型管理器

    先修改模型类

    from django.db import models
    
    # Create your models here.
    class Grades(models.Model):
        gname = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        gdate = models.DateField()
        ggirlnum = models.IntegerField()
        gboynum = models.IntegerField()
        isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    
        def __str__(self):
            return "%s-%d-%d" % (self.gname, self.ggirlnum, self.gboynum)
    
        class Meta():
            db_table = "grades"
    
    
    
    class Student(models.Model):
        sname = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        sgender = models.BooleanField(default=True)
        sage = models.IntegerField()
        scontend = models.CharField(max_length=20)
        isDelete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
        sgrade = models.ForeignKey("Grades", on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    
        def __str__(self):
            return self.sname
        lastTime = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
        creatTime = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
        #定义模型中的元选项
        class Meta:
            db_table = "student"
            ordering = ['id']
    修改了模型类

    再准备数据,重新迁移一次数据

    insert into grades(gname,gdate,ggirlnum,gboynum,isDelete) 
    values("python01","2018-2-3",22,34,0),
    ("python02","2018-2-2",27,34,0),
    ("python03","2018-2-30",22,34,0),
    ("python04","2018-2-30",22,34,0);
    		
    -------------------------------
    insert into student(sname,sgender,scontend,isDelete,sgrade_id,sage,lastTime,creatTime) values("薛延美",1,"薛延美",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
    ("王占山",1,"我叫网站山",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
    ("李婷",1,"我叫李婷",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
    ("赵本山",1,"我叫赵本山",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
    ("刘大河",1,"我叫刘大河",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3"),
    ("刘德华",1,"我叫刘德华",0,4,20,"2018-2-3","2018-2-3");
    

      

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhuhaofeng/p/9975704.html
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