Linux-yum工具的使用
什么是yum
Yum(全称为 Yellowdog Updater Modified)是一个在Fedora和RedHat以及CentOS中的Shell前端软件包管理器。基于RPM包管理，能够从指定的服务器自动下载RPM包并且安装，可以自动处理依赖性关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的软件包，无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。yum提供了查找、安装、删除某一个、一组甚至全部软件包的命令，而且命令简洁而又好记。
查看内核版本号
[root@localhost ~]# uname -r
4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64
挂载光盘
当我们使用本地配置yum时，需要挂载光盘
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 883M 0 883M 0% /dev
tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 901M 8.6M 892M 1% /run
tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 50G 1.7G 49G 4% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1 1014M 179M 836M 18% /boot
/dev/mapper/rhel-home 47G 368M 47G 1% /home
tmpfs 181M 0 181M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sr0 7.9G 7.9G 0 100% /mnt
yum的配置文件
- 配置文件有哪些：
- /etc/yum.conf 作用：为所有仓库提供公共配置
- /etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo 作用：为仓库的指向提供配置
- yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量：
- $releaseversion：当前OS的发行版的主版本号
- $arch：平台类型
- $basearch：基础平台
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/yum.conf
[main]
gpgcheck=1 //检查软件包合法性
installonly_limit=3 //只能同时安装3个软件包
clean_requirements_on_remove=True //卸载后清理所需要的软件包
best=True
skip_if_unavailable=False //如果软件包不可用也不跳过
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo
[BaseOS] //仓库名称
name=baseos //描述信息
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS/ //仓库的具体路径，有三种：ftp,http,file,这里用的是本地file
gpgcheck=0 //1为检查软件包来源合法性，0为不检查来源
enabled=1 //1为启用此仓库，0为禁用此仓库
[AppStream]
name=appstream
baseurl=file:///mnt/AppStream/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
yum仓库管理
如何配置yum本地仓库
//第一步：挂载光盘
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
//第二步：复制光盘内容到本地
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /opt/yum_local
[root@localhost ~]# cp -r /mnt/* /opt/yum_local/
[root@localhost ~]# uname -r
4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# ls /opt/yum_local/
AppStream EFI extra_files.json images media.repo RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
BaseOS EULA GPL isolinux RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-beta TRANS.TBL
//第三步：配置repo文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
redhat.repo
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo
[BaseOS]
name=baseos
baseurl=file:///opt/yum_local/BaseOS/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
[AppStream]
name=appstream
baseurl=file:///opt/yum_local/AppStream/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
//第四步：清空yum本地缓存
[root@localhost ~]# yum clean all
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
12 files removed
//第五步：检验yum本地仓库
[root@localhost ~]# yum list all
yum list | head
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:07:09 ago on Wed 02 Dec 2020 02:02:09 PM CST.
Installed Packages
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.22.8-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.22.8-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.22.8-4.el8 @anaconda
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.22.8-4.el8 @anaconda
acl.x86_64 2.2.53-1.el8 @anaconda
......
zsh-html.noarch 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 AppStream
zstd.x86_64 1.4.2-2.el8 AppStream
zziplib.i686 0.13.68-8.el8 AppStream
zziplib.x86_64 0.13.68-8.el8 AppStream
zziplib-utils.x86_64 0.13.68-8.el8 AppStream
如何配置yum网络仓库
- 官方网络yum仓库（国外）
- 阿里云yum仓库
- 163yum仓库
- xx大学yum仓库
- epel源
本次演示使用的是阿里云yum仓库http://mirrors.aliyun.com
//第一步：下载新的 CentOS-Base.repo 到 /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-8.repo
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 2595 100 2595 0 0 2826 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 2823
[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo redhat.repo
//第二步：删除不需要的配置
[root@localhost ~]# sed -i -e '/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/d' -e '/mirrors.aliyuncs.com/d' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
//第三步：修改配置文件将$releasever改为对应自己系统的版本号
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
:%s/$releasever/8/g
//第四步：清空yum本地缓存
[root@localhost ~]# yum clean all
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
12 files removed
//第五步：检验yum本地仓库
[root@localhost ~]# yum list all
......
zlib.i686 1.2.11-16.el8_2 base
zlib.x86_64 1.2.11-16.el8_2 base
zlib-devel.i686 1.2.11-16.el8_2 base
zlib-devel.x86_64 1.2.11-16.el8_2 base
zsh.x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 base
zsh-html.noarch 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 AppStream
zstd.x86_64 1.4.2-2.el8 AppStream
zziplib.i686 0.13.68-8.el8 AppStream
zziplib.x86_64 0.13.68-8.el8 AppStream
zziplib-utils.x86_64 0.13.68-8.el8 AppStream
yum管理软件
小拓展：为什么用yum安装时，不用指定软件包的位置和版本号？
答：因为yum仓库有清单，使用yum它会自己去查清单。
安装软件包常用选项
//-y 自动回答yes
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install zsh
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:03:54 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 12:52:13 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Installing:
zsh x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 BaseOS 2.9 M
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total size: 2.9 M
Installed size: 7.2 M
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 1/1
Installed products updated.
Installed:
zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64
Complete!
//-q 静默安装不输出信息
[root@localhost ~]# yum -q install zsh
Is this ok [y/N]: y
[root@localhost ~]# echo $? //如果为0说明执行成功，如果非0说明执行失败
0
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep zsh
zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64
yum常用命令
list 列表
//list installed 列出已经安装的包
[root@localhost ~]# yum list installed | grep zsh
zsh.x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 @BaseOS
//list available 列出可用未安装的包
[root@localhost ~]# yum list available | grep zsh
zsh-html.noarch 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 AppStream
//list updates 列出可升级的包
[root@localhost ~]# yum list updates
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:29:23 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 12:52:13 PM CST.
clean 清理缓存
//clean all 清理所有缓存
[root@localhost ~]# yum clean all
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
12 files removed
repolist 仓库列表
//repolist all 列出所有仓库
[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist all
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
repo id repo name status
AppStream appstream enabled
BaseOS baseos enabled
yqh yqh disable
//repolist enabled 列出可用的仓库（默认是enabled）
[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist enabled
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
repo id repo name
AppStream appstream
BaseOS baseos
//repolist disabled 列出不可用的仓库
[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist disabled
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
repo id repo name
yqh yqh
install 安装
//一次性安装zsh,wget,vim
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install zsh wget vim
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
baseos 141 MB/s | 2.3 MB 00:00
appstream 148 MB/s | 5.8 MB 00:00
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:01 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:31:22 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Installing:
vim-enhanced x86_64 2:8.0.1763-13.el8 AppStream 1.4 M
wget x86_64 1.19.5-8.el8_1.1 AppStream 735 k
zsh x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 BaseOS 2.9 M
Installing dependencies:
gpm-libs x86_64 1.20.7-15.el8 AppStream 39 k
vim-common x86_64 2:8.0.1763-13.el8 AppStream 6.3 M
vim-filesystem noarch 2:8.0.1763-13.el8 AppStream 48 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Install 6 Packages
Total size: 11 M
Installed size: 41 M
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch 1/6
Installing : vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 2/6
Installing : gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64 3/6
Running scriptlet: gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64 3/6
Installing : vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 4/6
Installing : wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 5/6
Running scriptlet: wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 5/6
Installing : zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 6/6
Running scriptlet: zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 6/6
Running scriptlet: vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 6/6
Verifying : zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 1/6
Verifying : gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64 2/6
Verifying : vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 3/6
Verifying : vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 4/6
Verifying : vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch 5/6
Verifying : wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 6/6
Installed products updated.
Installed:
gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64 vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64
vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch
wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64
Complete!
update 更新
//更新所有包
[root@localhost ~]# yum update
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:01:49 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:31:22 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
Nothing to do.
Complete!
//只更新wget
[root@localhost ~]# yum list updates
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:51:21 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
Available Upgrades
wget.x86_64 1.19.5-8.el8_1.1 AppStream
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y update wget
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:52:39 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Upgrading:
wget x86_64 1.19.5-8.el8_1.1 AppStream 735 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Upgrade 1 Package
Total size: 735 k
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Upgrading : wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 1/2
Running scriptlet: wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 1/2
Running scriptlet: wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 2/2
Cleanup : wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 2/2
Running scriptlet: wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 2/2
Verifying : wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 1/2
Verifying : wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 2/2
Installed products updated.
Upgraded:
wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64
Complete!
remove|erase 卸载
//卸载zsh
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y remove zsh //这里的remove可以换成erase
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Removing:
zsh x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 @BaseOS 7.2 M
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package
Freed space: 7.2 M
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Running scriptlet: zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 1/1
Erasing : zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 1/1
Installed products updated.
Removed:
zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64
Complete!
info 查询软件包的相关信息
//查询wget的相关信息
[root@localhost ~]# yum info wget
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:06:48 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:31:22 PM CST.
Installed Packages
Name : wget
Version : 1.19.5
Release : 8.el8_1.1
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 2.9 M
Source : wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.src.rpm
Repository : @System
From repo : AppStream
Summary : A utility for retrieving files using the HTTP or FTP protocols
URL : http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/
License : GPLv3+
Description : GNU Wget is a file retrieval utility which can use either the HTTP or
: FTP protocols. Wget features include the ability to work in the
: background while you are logged out, recursive retrieval of
: directories, file name wildcard matching, remote file timestamp
: storage and comparison, use of Rest with FTP servers and Range with
: HTTP servers to retrieve files over slow or unstable connections,
: support for Proxy servers, and configurability.
provides 查看指定的文件或特性是由哪个包安装生成的
//查看wget是由哪个包安装生成的
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides wget
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:10:52 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:31:22 PM CST.
wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 : A utility for retrieving files using the HTTP or FTP protocols
Repo : @System
Matched from:
Provide : wget = 1.19.5-8.el8_1.1
wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 : A utility for retrieving files using the HTTP or FTP protocols
Repo : AppStream
Matched from:
Provide : wget = 1.19.5-8.el8_1.1
search 指定的关键字搜索软件包
//查询跟zsh相关的软件包
[root@localhost ~]# yum search zsh
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:20 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
====================================== Name Exactly Matched: zsh ======================================
zsh.x86_64 : Powerful interactive shell
===================================== Name & Summary Matched: zsh =====================================
zsh-html.noarch : Zsh shell manual in html format
deplist 显示指定包的依赖关系
//查看vim的依赖包
[root@localhost ~]# yum deplist vim-enhanced
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:05:29 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
package: vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64
dependency: /bin/sh
provider: bash-4.4.19-10.el8.x86_64
dependency: libacl.so.1()(64bit)
provider: libacl-2.2.53-1.el8.x86_64
dependency: libacl.so.1(ACL_1.0)(64bit)
provider: libacl-2.2.53-1.el8.x86_64
dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.28)(64bit)
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.x86_64
dependency: libdl.so.2()(64bit)
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.x86_64
dependency: libdl.so.2(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.x86_64
dependency: libgpm.so.2()(64bit)
provider: gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64
dependency: libm.so.6()(64bit)
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.x86_64
dependency: libm.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.x86_64
dependency: libpthread.so.0()(64bit)
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.x86_64
dependency: libpthread.so.0(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.x86_64
dependency: libselinux.so.1()(64bit)
provider: libselinux-2.9-3.el8.x86_64
dependency: libtinfo.so.6()(64bit)
provider: ncurses-libs-6.1-7.20180224.el8.x86_64
dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH)
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.i686
provider: glibc-2.28-101.el8.x86_64
dependency: vim-common = 2:8.0.1763-13.el8
provider: vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64
dependency: which
provider: which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64
history 查看yum的历史事务信息
[root@localhost ~]# yum history
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
ID | Command line | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 | -y remove zsh | 2020-12-01 13:35 | Removed | 1
4 | -y install zsh wget vim | 2020-12-01 13:31 | Install | 6 <
3 | -q install zsh | 2020-12-01 12:59 | Install | 1 ><
2 | -y install zsh | 2020-12-01 12:56 | Install | 1 >
1 | | 2020-11-16 18:43 | Install | 420 EE
//查看历史记录第四行的详细信息
[root@localhost ~]# yum history info 4
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Transaction ID : 4
Begin time : Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:31:26 PM CST
Begin rpmdb : 417:3d3b11ecfb8c229d0915cef350b906880c4b8bbb
End time : Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:31:37 PM CST (11 seconds)
End rpmdb : 423:15f529b46ad1dc8cd0ed944f727c8a0e03f259ce
User : root <root>
Return-Code : Success
Releasever : 8
Command Line : -y install zsh wget vim
Packages Altered:
Install zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 @BaseOS
Install gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64 @AppStream
Install vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 @AppStream
Install vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 @AppStream
Install vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch @AppStream
Install wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 @AppStream
//撤销历史执行过的第四条命令
[root@localhost ~]# yum history undo 4
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:41 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 03:00:31 PM CST.
Undoing transaction 4, from Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:31:26 PM CST
Install zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 @BaseOS
Install gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64 @AppStream
Install vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 @AppStream
Install vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 @AppStream
Install vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch @AppStream
Install wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 @AppStream
No package wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 installed.
No package zsh-5.5.1-6.el8_1.2.x86_64 installed.
Error: no package matched
localinstall 安装本地rpm包，自动解决依赖关系
//我们先下载一个wget软件包
[root@localhost ~]# wget http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
--2020-12-01 14:04:37-- http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
Resolving mirror.centos.org (mirror.centos.org)... 111.90.139.14, 2604:1380:3000:2800::1
Connecting to mirror.centos.org (mirror.centos.org)|111.90.139.14|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 560272 (547K) [application/x-rpm]
Saving to: ‘wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm.1’
wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_ 100%[====================================>] 547.14K 5.76KB/s in 59s
2020-12-01 14:05:37 (9.28 KB/s) - ‘wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm.1’ saved [560272/560272]
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
//下载完毕后卸载wget，用rpm安装下载好的软件包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y -q remove wget
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
warning: wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
libcrypto.so.10()(64bit) is needed by wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64
libcrypto.so.10(libcrypto.so.10)(64bit) is needed by wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64
libidn.so.11()(64bit) is needed by wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64
libidn.so.11(LIBIDN_1.0)(64bit) is needed by wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64
libssl.so.10()(64bit) is needed by wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64
libssl.so.10(libssl.so.10)(64bit) is needed by wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64
//发现有很多依赖包，用rpm安装不上，但是我们能用yum localinstall安装它
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y localinstall wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:26:09 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Installing:
wget x86_64 1.14-18.el7_6.1 @commandline 547 k
Installing dependencies:
compat-openssl10 x86_64 1:1.0.2o-3.el8 AppStream 1.1 M
emacs-filesystem noarch 1:26.1-5.el8 BaseOS 69 k
libidn x86_64 1.34-5.el8 AppStream 239 k
make x86_64 1:4.2.1-10.el8 BaseOS 498 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Install 5 Packages
Total size: 2.5 M
Installed size: 7.1 M
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : make-1:4.2.1-10.el8.x86_64 1/5
Running scriptlet: make-1:4.2.1-10.el8.x86_64 1/5
Installing : compat-openssl10-1:1.0.2o-3.el8.x86_64 2/5
Running scriptlet: compat-openssl10-1:1.0.2o-3.el8.x86_64 2/5
Installing : emacs-filesystem-1:26.1-5.el8.noarch 3/5
Installing : libidn-1.34-5.el8.x86_64 4/5
Running scriptlet: libidn-1.34-5.el8.x86_64 4/5
Installing : wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 5/5
Running scriptlet: wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 5/5
Verifying : emacs-filesystem-1:26.1-5.el8.noarch 1/5
Verifying : make-1:4.2.1-10.el8.x86_64 2/5
Verifying : compat-openssl10-1:1.0.2o-3.el8.x86_64 3/5
Verifying : libidn-1.34-5.el8.x86_64 4/5
Verifying : wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 5/5
Installed products updated.
Installed:
compat-openssl10-1:1.0.2o-3.el8.x86_64 emacs-filesystem-1:26.1-5.el8.noarch libidn-1.34-5.el8.x86_64
make-1:4.2.1-10.el8.x86_64 wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64
Complete!
安装网络上rpm包
//安装网络上的wget包
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 1:04:14 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64.rpm 134 kB/s | 547 kB 00:04
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Installing:
wget x86_64 1.14-18.el7_6.1 @commandline 547 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total size: 547 k
Installed size: 2.0 M
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64 1/1
Installed products updated.
Installed:
wget-1.14-18.el7_6.1.x86_64
Complete!
grouplist 列出可用的组
[root@localhost ~]# yum grouplist
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:34:28 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
Available Environment Groups:
Server with GUI
Server
Workstation
Custom Operating System
Virtualization Host
Installed Environment Groups:
Minimal Install
Available Groups:
Legacy UNIX Compatibility
Container Management
Development Tools
.NET Core Development
Graphical Administration Tools
Headless Management
Network Servers
RPM Development Tools
Scientific Support
Security Tools
Smart Card Support
System Tools
groups mark install 安装包组
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y groups mark install "Development Tools"
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:40:18 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Installing Groups:
Development Tools
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Complete!
groups mark remove 卸载包组
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y groups mark install "Development Tools"
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:40:18 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Installing Groups:
Development Tools
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Complete!
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y groups mark remove "Development Tools"
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:41:34 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Removing Groups:
Development Tools
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Complete!
createrepo 创建yum源（软件仓库），即为存放于本地特定位置的众多rpm包建立索引，描述各包所需依赖信息，并形成元数据
重装软件包
//检查软件是否存在
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q vsftpd
vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64
//检查vsftpd软件配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qc vsftpd
/etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd
/etc/pam.d/vsftpd
/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers
/etc/vsftpd/user_list
/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
//假装不小心删除vsftpd配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# rm -f /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
//重新安装软件
[root@localhost ~]# yum reinstall vsftpd
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 1:08:23 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 01:46:39 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Reinstalling:
vsftpd x86_64 3.0.3-31.el8 AppStream 180 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Total size: 180 k
Installed size: 343 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Running scriptlet: vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64 1/1
Reinstalling : vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64 1/2
Running scriptlet: vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64 1/2
Running scriptlet: vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64 2/2
Cleanup : vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64 2/2
Running scriptlet: vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64 2/2
Verifying : vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64 1/2
Verifying : vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64 2/2
Installed products updated.
Reinstalled:
vsftpd-3.0.3-31.el8.x86_64
Complete!
//再次检查
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qc vsftpd
/etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd
/etc/pam.d/vsftpd
/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers
/etc/vsftpd/user_list
/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
与缓存相关的命令
makecache
存yum源软件仓库, xml元数据文件
//本次演示yum源为阿里云yum源
[root@localhost ~]# yum makecache
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
CentOS-8 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com 119 kB/s | 2.2 MB 00:19
CentOS-8 - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.com 296 B/s | 8.6 kB 00:29
CentOS-8 - AppStream - mirrors.aliyun.com 385 kB/s | 5.8 MB 00:15
Metadata cache created.
另一种缓存rpm包方式
将软件下载至指定目录
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp/ wget
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:03:46 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 03:00:31 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================
Installing:
wget x86_64 1.19.5-8.el8_1.1 AppStream 735 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 735 k
Installed size: 2.9 M
YUM will only download packages for the transaction.
Downloading Packages:
wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm 120 kB/s | 735 kB 00:06
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 120 kB/s | 735 kB 00:06
warning: /tmp/wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 8483c65d: NOKEY
CentOS-8 - AppStream - mirrors.aliyun.com 2.8 kB/s | 1.6 kB 00:00
Importing GPG key 0x8483C65D:
Userid : "CentOS (CentOS Official Signing Key) <security@centos.org>"
Fingerprint: 99DB 70FA E1D7 CE22 7FB6 4882 05B5 55B3 8483 C65D
From : https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Official
Key imported successfully
Complete!
The downloaded packages were saved in cache until the next successful transaction.
You can remove cached packages by executing 'yum clean packages'.
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/
wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm
YUM签名检查机制
- rpm软件提供组织redhat在构建rpm包时, 使用其私钥private key对 rpm进行签名
- 客户端在使用rpm为了验证其合法性, 可以使用redhat提供的公钥public key进行签名检查
方式1：指定公钥位置
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
[base]
name=CentOS-8 - Base - mirrors.aliyun.com
failovermethod=priority
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/8/BaseOS/$basearch/os/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Official
方式2：不进行签名验证
//不检查软件包的签名
[root@localhost ~]# yum --nogpgcheck install wget
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:14:34 ago on Tue 01 Dec 2020 03:00:31 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
==========================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
==========================================================================================================
Installing:
wget x86_64 1.19.5-8.el8_1.1 AppStream 735 k
Transaction Summary
==========================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 735 k
Installed size: 2.9 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64.rpm 1.1 MB/s | 735 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 1.1 MB/s | 735 kB 00:00
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64 1/1
Installed products updated.
Installed:
wget-1.19.5-8.el8_1.1.x86_64
Complete!