什么是状态机:状态机通过不同的状态迁移来完成特定的逻辑操作
状态机的分类:Moore型状态机和Mealy型状态机
- Moore型:状态机的变化只与当前的状态有关
- Mealy型:状态机的变化不仅与当前的状态有关,还与输入有关
如何创建状态机:状态机的创建可以分为一段式,两段式和三段式
-
一段式:主要是讲所有的状态变化以及导致的输出变化都写在了一个always快中。
-
两段式:将一些复位信号,clk信号单独写在一个always快中,其他的状态变化,输出值得变化写在一个always快中。
-
三段式:将一些复位信号,clk信号单独写在一个always快中,其他的状态迁移变化写在一个always快中,对应状态的输出值得变化写在一个always快中。
举个例子:从循环输入的字母中做连续检测,当连续检测到“hello”时,将led灯进行状态的翻转,继续进行下一次的检测。
- 一段式的编写方式:
module hello(
input clk,//系统时钟信号 50mHz
input rst_n,//系统复位信号,低电平有效
input [7:0] data,//连续输入的字母
output reg led//led灯
);
//设置需要改变的状态
parameter checkh = 5'b0000_1,
checke = 5'b0001_0,
checkla = 5'b0010_0,
checklb = 5'b0100_0,
checko = 5'b1000_0;
reg [4:0]state;
always @(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
if(!rst_n)
begin
led <= 1'b0;
state <= checkh;
end
else
begin
case (state)
checkh:
if(data == "h") state <= checke;
else state <= checkh;
checke:
if(data == "e") state <= checkla;
else state <= checkh;
checkla:
if(data == "l") state <= checklb;
else state <= checkh;
checklb:
if(data == "l") state <= checko;
else state <= checkh;
checko:
if(data == "o")
begin
led <= ~led;
state <= checkh;
end
else state <= checkh;
default:state <= checkh;
endcase
end
endmodule
- 两段式的编写方式:
module hello(
input clk,
input rst_n,
input [7:0] data,
output reg led
);
parameter checkh = 5'b0000_1,
checke = 5'b0001_0,
checkla = 5'b0010_0,
checklb = 5'b0100_0,
checko = 5'b1000_0;
reg [4:0] cstate;
reg [4:0] nstate;
always @(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
if(!rst_n)
begin
cstate <= checkh;
end
else
cstate <= nstate;
always @(cstate or data)
case (cstate)
checkh:
if(data == "h") nstate <= checke;
else nstate <= checkh;
checke:
if(data == "e") nstate <= checkla;
else nstate <= checkh;
checkla:
if(data == "l") nstate <= checklb;
else nstate <= checkh;
checklb:
if(data == "l") nstate <= checko;
else nstate <= checkh;
checko:
if(data == "o")
begin
led <= ~led;
nstate <= checkh;
end
else nstate <= checkh;
default:nstate <= checkh;
endcase
endmodule
- 三段式的编写方式:
module hello(
input clk,
input rst_n,
input [7:0] data,
output reg led
);
parameter checkh = 5'b0000_1,
checke = 5'b0001_0,
checkla = 5'b0010_0,
checklb = 5'b0100_0,
checko = 5'b1000_0;
reg [4:0] cstate;
reg [4:0] nstate;
//复位信号,clk的处理(主要是对初始状态进行赋值操作)
always @(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
if(!rst_n)
begin
cstate <= checkh;
end
else
cstate <= nstate;
//状态迁移的处理
always @(cstate or data)
case (cstate)
checkh:
if(data == "h") nstate <= checke;
else nstate <= checkh;
checke:
if(data == "e") nstate <= checkla;
else nstate <= checkh;
checkla:
if(data == "l") nstate <= checklb;
else nstate <= checkh;
checklb:
if(data == "l") nstate <= checko;
else nstate <= checkh;
checko:
if(data == "o")
begin
nstate <= checkh;
end
else nstate <= checkh;
default:nstate <= checkh;
endcase
//输出数据的处理
always @(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
if(!rst_n)
begin
led <= 1'b1;
end
else
case (cstate)
checko:
if(data == "o")
led <= ~led;
default;
endcase
endmodule
注意
- 一般的状态机是使用Always语句和case语句组合来实现的
- 不可以根据Always快的个数来判断他是属于几段的状态机
- 一般情况下不建议使用一段式状态机,建议使用二和三段式状态机,二段式状态机使用时序逻辑处理状态变化,组合逻辑处理输入输出的变化,结构比较清晰,但容易产生毛刺
- 三段式从输入到输出会比一、两段式状态机延时一个时钟周期