数据访问分为三个部分:(1)创建链接(2)创建与执行命令(3)读取或准备相关数据
一,需要引用的命名空间
using data;
using data.SqlClient;
二,创建与数据库的链接——SqlConnection(链接类)
1,链接字符串:server=目标服务器的IP地址;database=数据库名;uid=数据库的登录名;pwd=数据库的登录密码
server=.; database=mydb; uid=sa; pwd=123
2,实例化——构造
SqlConnection conn=new SqlConnection(链接字符串);
3,属性
state:用来描述链接当前的状态 closed:链接处于关闭状态 open:链接处于打开状态
4,方法
open():打开链接
close():关闭链接
5,案例
(1)定义链接字符串。
string connectionString = "server=.;database=mydb;uid=sa;pwd=123";
(2)构造链接对象
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
或
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection();
conn.ConnectionString = connectionString;
(3)打开链接
conn.Open();
(4)关闭链接
conn.Close();
三,向数据传递sql语句或存储过程并执行——sqlcommand(命令类)
1,构造
SqlCommand cmd=conn.CreateCommand();
SqlCommand cmd=new SqlCommand();
2,属性
connection:(SqlConnection类型)指定通过哪个链接对象来操作数据库
CommandText:(string类型)要执行的sql语句或存储过程名
3,方法
ExecuteNonQuery():执行非查询命令,返回影响的行数。一般用来执行增删改的语句
ExecuteReader():执行读取命令,返回一个读取器对象。一般用来执行查询语句
4,案例
string connectionString = "server=.;database=mydb;uid=sa;pwd=123";
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(connectionString);
conn.Open();
//操作数据库
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand();
cmd.Connection = conn;
cmd.CommandText = "insert into student values('s001','张三','1','清华大学','1990-6-1')";
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
conn.Close();
四,从查询的结果集中把数据逐个读取出来——SqlDataReader(读取器类)
1,构造
只有唯一的一种构造方式
SqlDataReader dr=cmd.ExecuteReader();
说明:只读,只向前,读取器工具,每次只读取一条记录,内存中只占一条记录的空间
2,属性
HasRows:返回值为bool类型,判断是否有数据可读,是否查出数据来了
3,方法
Read():返回值为bool类型,把结果集中当前行的内容读取到内存中的DataReader中来,读出来了返回true,没有数据可读返回false
在使用SqlDataReader读取某列数据时,必须先使用Read()方法把数据先取到内存中的SqlDataReader中。
从SqlDataReader中读取某列值的时候,使用方法:
(1)dr[列的下标/列的索引号]
(2)dr["列名"]
(3)dr.GetInt(索引号) dr.GetString(索引号) ...
4,案例
(1)登录的例子(输入用户名和密码验证是否正确)
Console.Write("用户名:");
string uid = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("密码:");
string pwd = Console.ReadLine();
//操作数据库
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection("server=.;database=mydb;uid=sa;pwd=123");
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from Login where UserName='"+uid+"' and password='"+pwd+"' "; //查询
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader(); //生成读取器对象。
if (dr.HasRows)
{
Console.WriteLine("OK");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Error");
}
conn.Close();
(2)多表查询(将两个表中的数据联合显示出来):尽量不要用join连接查询,写多个函数,在主函数内调用即可
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
public const string CONNECTIONSTRING = "server=.;database=mydb;uid=sa;pwd=123"; //在函数外定义链接字符串常量
static string GetNationName(string code)
{
string str = "";
//根据民族代号查询民族名称
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from nation where code='" + code + "' ";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.HasRows)
{
dr.Read();
str = dr["Name"].ToString();
}
else
{
str = "未知";
}
conn.Close();
return str;
}
static string GetWorks(string code) //通过代号查询工作经历
{
string str = "";
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from work where infocode='" + code + "'";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
str += ((DateTime)dr["StartDate"]).ToString("yyyy年MM月dd日") + " ";
str += ((DateTime)dr["EndDate"]).ToString("yyyy年MM月dd日") + " ";
str += dr["Firm"].ToString()+ " ";
str += dr["Depart"].ToString() + "
";
}
conn.Close();
return str;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//显示
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from info";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
string code = dr["code"].ToString();
string name = dr["name"].ToString();
string sex = ((bool)dr["Sex"]) ? "男" : "女";
string nation = GetNationName(dr["nation"].ToString());
string birthday = ((DateTime)dr["birthday"]).ToString("yyyy年MM月dd日");
Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
Console.WriteLine(code + " " + name + " " + sex + " " + nation + " " + birthday);
Console.ResetColor();
//显示工作简历
Console.WriteLine("****工作简历****");
Console.WriteLine(GetWorks(code));
}
conn.Close();
}
}
}
(3)向info表中插入数据(要注意先检查输入信息的格式是否正确和主外键是否冲突)
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Class1
{
public const string CONNECTIONSTRING = "server=.;database=mydb;uid=sa;pwd=123";
public static bool Check(string columnName, string value) //检查输入的性别和生日格式是否正确
{
if (columnName == "sex")
{
if (value == "0" || value == "1")
{
return true;
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("性别格式不正确");
return false;
}
}
else if (columnName == "birthday")
{
try
{
Convert.ToDateTime(value);
return true;
}
catch
{
Console.WriteLine("生日格式不正确");
return false;
}
}
else
{
return true;
}
}
public static bool CheckPK(string pk) //检查主键code是否与输入冲突
{
bool notHasPK = true;
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from info where code='" + pk + "'";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.HasRows)
{
notHasPK = false;
Console.WriteLine("主键已存在");
}
else
{
notHasPK = true;
}
conn.Close();
return notHasPK;
}
public static bool HasNation(string nationCode) //检查外键
{
bool hasNation = true;
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from nation where code='" + nationCode + "'";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.HasRows)
{
hasNation = true;
}
else
{
hasNation = false;
Console.WriteLine("民族代号输入不正确");
}
conn.Close();
return hasNation;
}
public static void AddInfo(string code, string name, string sex, string nation, string birthday) //插入信息函数
{
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "insert into info values('" + code + "','" + name + "','" + sex + "','" + nation + "','" + birthday + "')";
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
conn.Close();
}
public static void Main111(string[] args)
{
//输入
Console.Write("代号:");
string code = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("姓名:");
string name = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("性别(0,1):");
string sex = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("民族:");
string nation = Console.ReadLine();
Console.Write("生日:");
string birthday = Console.ReadLine();
//检查
bool isOK = CheckInput(code, sex, nation, birthday);
//插入
if (isOK == true)
{
AddInfo(code, name, sex, nation, birthday);
}
}
private static bool CheckInput(string code, string sex, string nation, string birthday) //验证所有检查是否都执行完
{
//1.对输入的数据格式进行检查
bool isOK = true;
bool isOK1 = Check("sex", sex);
bool isOK2 = Check("birthday", birthday);
//2.对主外键进行检查
bool isOK3 =CheckPK(code);
bool isOK4 = HasNation(nation);
isOK = isOK && isOK1 && isOK2 && isOK3 && isOK4;
return isOK;
}
}
}
(4)从info表中删除数据(注意有外键的情况,有两种方法删除:一,在数据库中使用级联删除。二,写代码先删除从表再删除主表)
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Class2
{
public const string CONNECTIONSTRING = "server=.;database=mydb;uid=sa;pwd=123";
static string GetNationName(string code)
{
string str = "";
//根据民族代号查询民族名称
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from nation where code='" + code + "' ";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.HasRows)
{
dr.Read();
str = dr["Name"].ToString();
}
else
{
str = "未知";
}
conn.Close();
return str;
}
//显示所有人员信息
public static void Show()
{
//显示
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from info";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (dr.Read())
{
string code = dr["code"].ToString();
string name = dr["name"].ToString();
string sex = ((bool)dr["Sex"]) ? "男" : "女";
string nation = GetNationName(dr["nation"].ToString());
string birthday = ((DateTime)dr["birthday"]).ToString("yyyy年MM月dd日");
Console.WriteLine(code + " " + name + " " + sex + " " + nation + " " + birthday);
}
conn.Close();
}
//检查主键是否存在
public static bool CheckPK(string pk)
{
bool hasPK = true;
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "select * from info where code='" + pk + "'";
SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
hasPK = dr.HasRows;
conn.Close();
return hasPK;
}
public static void DeleteInfo(string pk)
{
SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNECTIONSTRING);
conn.Open();
SqlCommand cmd = conn.CreateCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "delete from family where InfoCode='" + pk + "'";
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cmd.CommandText = "delete from work where InfoCode='" + pk + "'";
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
cmd.CommandText = "delete from info where code='" + pk + "'";
cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
conn.Close();
}
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
//显示
Show();
//输入要删除的人员代号
Console.Write("输入要删除的人员:");
string code = Console.ReadLine();
//删除
//看看有没有这个代号的人员,如果没有就提示代号输入错误。
bool pkIsOK = CheckPK(code);
if (pkIsOK == true)
{
//执行删除
DeleteInfo(code);
Console.WriteLine("删除成功");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("找不到要删除的人员代号,删除失败。请重新检查要删除的人员代号。");
}
//显示
Show();
}
}
}