一、配置Bean的两种方式之使用XML配置Bean
1.基于XML配置Bean-属性注入
创建一个Bean,该Bean提供了有参构造器
public class Person { private String name;public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } @Override public String toString() { return "Person [name=" + name + "]"; } }
在IOC容器内配置属性注入:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <!-- class:bean的全类名,通过反射创建该bean的实例,要求Bean中必须有无参构造器,否则会报:No default constructor found id:IOC容器对象引用该bean的标志,例如:ctx.getBean(hello);返回的就是一个Hello对象,即标识容器中的bean,并且id唯一 注意:若没有定义id,那么自动使用类名首字母小写为id名称 --> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person">
<!-- 注意:这里的name必须和Bean属性的setXXX方法中的XXX同名,否则属性无法赋值 --> <property name="name" value="loose"></property> </bean> </beans>
测试属性注入:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); Person person = (Person) ctx.getBean("person"); System.out.println(person); System.out.println(person.getName()); /** * 运行后输出: * Person [name=loose] * loose */ } }
说明:
2.构造器注入,使用构造器初始化不必提供get和set方法
public class Person { private String name; private int age; public Person() { super(); } public Person(String name,int age) { super(); this.name = name; this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "Person [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]"; } }
在IOC容器内配置构造器注入:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <constructor-arg value="loose" index="0"></constructor-arg> <constructor-arg value="20" index="1"></constructor-arg> </bean> </beans>
测试构造器注入:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); Person person = (Person) ctx.getBean("person"); System.out.println(person); /** * 运行后输出: * Person [name=loose, age=20] */ } }
同时,我们也可以指定按构造器参数类型的匹配入参:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <constructor-arg value="loose" type="java.lang.String"></constructor-arg> <constructor-arg value="20" type="int"></constructor-arg> </bean> </beans>
3.工厂方法注入这里就省略,用的很少,有兴趣的自己去找下资料
4.属性注入的细节
①.字面值
<bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name"> <value>spring</value> </property> </bean>
说明:基本数据类型和封装类、String等类型都可以采用字面值注入的方式。
②.若字面值包含特殊符号,可以使用<![CDATA[]]>把字面值包裹起来
<bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name"> <value><![CDATA[<spring]]></value> </property> </bean>
这里获取到属性值后,输出的是<string,包含了特殊符号<
③.引用其它的Bean
public class Person { private String name; private int age; private Mobile mobile; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public Mobile getMobile() { return mobile; } public void setMobile(Mobile mobile) { this.mobile = mobile; } @Override public String toString() { return "Person [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", mobile=" + mobile + "]"; } }
public class Mobile { private String brand; private double price; public String getBrand() { return brand; } public void setBrand(String brand) { this.brand = brand; } public double getPrice() { return price; } public void setPrice(double price) { this.price = price; } @Override public String toString() { return "Mobile [brand=" + brand + ", price=" + price + "]"; } }
在IOC容器中配置这两个Bean,并使Person引用Mobile:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="mobile" class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <property name="brand" value="iphone"></property> <property name="price" value="5000"></property> </bean> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name" value="loose"></property> <property name="age" value="20"></property>
//这里ref中的mobile为上方配置的Mobile这个Bean的id <property name="mobile" ref="mobile"></property> </bean> </beans>
测试引用其它的Bean:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); Person person = (Person) ctx.getBean("person"); System.out.println(person); // 执行后输出:Person [name=loose, age=20, mobile=Mobile [brand=iphone, price=5000.0]] } }
IOC容器中也可以这么配置:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="mobile" class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <property name="brand" value="iphone"></property> <property name="price" value="5000"></property> </bean> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name" value="loose"></property> <property name="age" value="20"></property> <property name="mobile"> <ref bean="mobile"/> //使用ref标签引用Bean </property> </bean> </beans>
也可以在属性或构造器里包含 Bean 的声明, 这样的 Bean 称为内部 Bean:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <!-- 无需再配置跟内部Bean一样类型的Bean进行引用 --> <!-- <bean id="mobile" class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <property name="brand" value="iphone"></property> <property name="price" value="5000"></property> </bean> --> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name" value="loose"></property> <property name="age" value="20"></property> <property name="mobile"> <bean class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <property name="brand" value="iphone"></property> <property name="price" value="5000"></property> </bean> </property> </bean> </beans>
注意:
当 Bean 实例仅仅给一个特定的属性使用时, 可以将其声明为内部 Bean. 内部 Bean 声明直接包含在 <property> 或 <constructor-arg> 元素里, 不需要设置任何 id 或 name 属性;
内部 Bean 不能使用在任何其他地方
④.注入参数详解:null 值和级联属性
可以使用专用的 <null/> 元素标签为 Bean 的字符串或其它对象类型的属性注入 null 值:
<bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name"> <null></null> </property> <property name="age" value="20"></property> </bean>
同时,Spring 支持级联属性的配置,为了方便查看,这里再次给出两个Bean,分别是Person和Mobile:
public class Person { private String name; private int age; private Mobile mobile; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public Mobile getMobile() { return mobile; } public void setMobile(Mobile mobile) { this.mobile = mobile; } @Override public String toString() { return "Person [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", mobile=" + mobile + "]"; } }
public class Mobile { private String brand; private double price; public String getBrand() { return brand; } public void setBrand(String brand) { this.brand = brand; } public double getPrice() { return price; } public void setPrice(double price) { this.price = price; } @Override public String toString() { return "Mobile [brand=" + brand + ", price=" + price + "]"; } }
在IOC容器配置级联Bean:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="mobile" class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <!-- 这里不配置mobile的属性值 --> </bean> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name" value="loose"></property> <property name="age" value="20"></property> <property name="mobile" ref="mobile"></property> <!-- 以级联的形式注入Bean值 --> <property name="mobile.brand" value="nokia"></property> <property name="mobile.price" value="2000"></property> </bean> </beans>
测试级联程序:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); Person person = (Person) ctx.getBean("person"); System.out.println(person); // 执行后输出:Person [name=loose, age=20, mobile=Mobile [brand=nokia, price=2000.0]] } }
⑤.引用集合属性
在 Spring中可以通过一组内置的 xml 标签(例如: <list>, <set> 或 <map>) 来配置集合属性,配置 java.util.List 类型的属性, 需要指定 <list> 标签, 在标签里包含一些元素. 这些标签可以通过 <value> 指定简单的常量值, 通过 <ref> 指定对其他 Bean 的引用. 通过<bean> 指定内置 Bean 定义. 通过 <null/> 指定空元素. 甚至可以内嵌其他集合,数组的定义和 List 一样, 都使用 <list>,配置 java.util.Set 需要使用 <set> 标签, 定义元素的方法与 List 一样:
===>配置List集合属性,以上方的Person和Mobile为例,不同的是Person里面的Mobile变成了List<Mobile>,代表一个人可以多部手机:
public class Person { private String name; private List<Mobile> mobiles; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public List<Mobile> getMobiles() { return mobiles; } public void setMobiles(List<Mobile> mobiles) { this.mobiles = mobiles; } @Override public String toString() { return "Person [name=" + name + ", mobiles=" + mobiles + "]"; } }
public class Mobile { private String brand; private double price; public String getBrand() { return brand; } public void setBrand(String brand) { this.brand = brand; } public double getPrice() { return price; } public void setPrice(double price) { this.price = price; } @Override public String toString() { return "Mobile [brand=" + brand + ", price=" + price + "]"; } }
在IOC容器中配置两个的引用关系:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <!-- 这里配置多个Mobile Bean,然后被person一个个引用 --> <bean id="mobile1" class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <property name="brand" value="nokia"></property> <property name="price" value="2000"></property> </bean> <bean id="mobile2" class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <property name="brand" value="iphone"></property> <property name="price" value="5000"></property> </bean> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name" value="loose"></property> <property name="mobiles"> <!-- 使用list标签 --> <list> <!-- 分别引入多个Bean --> <ref bean="mobile1"/> <ref bean="mobile2"/> </list> </property> </bean> </beans>
测试Bean中引用List集合属性:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); Person person = (Person) ctx.getBean("person"); System.out.println(person); // 执行后输出:Person [name=loose, mobiles=[Mobile [brand=nokia, price=2000.0], Mobile [brand=iphone, price=5000.0]]] } }
===>配置Map集合属性,Java.util.Map 通过 <map> 标签定义, <map> 标签里可以使用多个 <entry> 作为子标签.,每个条目包含一个键和一个值
仍然是以上面的Bean威力,不同的是集合类型变更为Map,请看下方两个Bean的定义:
public class Person { private String name; private Map<String,Mobile> mobiles; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Map<String, Mobile> getMobiles() { return mobiles; } public void setMobiles(Map<String, Mobile> mobiles) { this.mobiles = mobiles; } @Override public String toString() { return "Person [name=" + name + ", mobiles=" + mobiles + "]"; } }
public class Mobile { private String brand; private double price; public String getBrand() { return brand; } public void setBrand(String brand) { this.brand = brand; } public double getPrice() { return price; } public void setPrice(double price) { this.price = price; } @Override public String toString() { return "Mobile [brand=" + brand + ", price=" + price + "]"; } }
在IOC容器中配置两个Bean的引用关系:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <!-- 这里配置多个Mobile Bean,然后被person一个个引用 --> <bean id="mobile1" class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <property name="brand" value="nokia"></property> <property name="price" value="2000"></property> </bean> <bean id="mobile2" class="com.spring.model.Mobile"> <property name="brand" value="iphone"></property> <property name="price" value="5000"></property> </bean> <bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person"> <property name="name" value="loose"></property> <property name="mobiles"> <!-- 使用map标签 --> <map> <entry key="nokia" value-ref="mobile1"></entry> <entry key="iphone" value-ref="mobile2"></entry> </map> </property> </bean> </beans>
测试Bean中引用Map集合属性:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); Person person = (Person) ctx.getBean("person"); System.out.println(person); // 执行后输出:son [name=loose, mobiles={nokia=Mobile [brand=nokia, price=2000.0], iphone=Mobile [brand=iphone, price=5000.0]}] } }
===><props> 定义 java.util.Properties, 该标签使用多个 <prop> 作为子标签.,每个 <prop> 标签必须定义 key 属性:
我们新建一个Bean,用于模拟从配置文件中读取数据库连接信息:
public class DataSource { private Properties properties; public Properties getProperties() { return properties; } public void setProperties(Properties properties) { this.properties = properties; } }
将Bean交给IOC容器管理:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd"> <bean id="dataSource" class="com.spring.model.DataSource"> <property name="properties"> <props> <prop key="user">root</prop> <prop key="password">1234</prop> <prop key="jdbcUrl">jdbc:mysql:///test</prop> <prop key="driver">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</prop> </props> </property> </bean> </beans>
测试程序:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml"); DataSource ds = (DataSource) ctx.getBean("dataSource"); System.out.println(ds.getProperties()); //执行后输出:{user=root, password=1234, driver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver, jdbcUrl=jdbc:mysql:///test} } }
注意:
引用集合属性都存在一个问题,不能将集合作为独立的 Bean 定义, 导致其他 Bean 无法引用该集合, 所以无法在不同 Bean 之间共享集合,但是可以使用 util schema 里的集合标签定义独立的集合 Bean;
需要注意的是,必须在 <beans> 根元素里添加 util schema 定义:导入util命名空间:xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
配置独立的外部list:
<util:list id="mobiles"> <ref bean="mobile1"/> <ref bean="mobile2"/> </util:list>
引用独立的外部list:
<bean id="person" class="com.sring.model.Person"> <property name="name" value="loose"></property> <property name="mobiles" ref="mobiles"></property> </bean>
为了简化 XML 文件的配置,越来越多的 XML 文件采用属性而非子元素配置信息,Spring 从 2.5 版本开始引入了一个新的 p 命名空间,可以通过 <bean> 元素属性的方式配置 Bean 的属性,使用 p 命名空间后,基于 XML 的配置方式将进一步简化:
<bean id="person" class="com.spring.model.Person" p:mobile-ref="mobiles" p:name="loose"></bean>