- 高性能相关模块: - gevent # 源码用C实现 - twisted # 用的比较多,源码用python实现 - tornado # 源码用python实现 - ayncio # 源码用C实现 - 现象:一个线程实现并发请求 本质:socket+IO多路复用
问:10个URL,爬虫获取到数据?
一、 串行
url_list = [ 'http://www.cnblogs.com/xuyaping/p/7667055.html', 'http://www.baidu.com', 'http://www.xiaohuar.com', ] import requests # 1.串行(6s,用了一个线程或进程) for url in url_list: response = requests.get(url) print(response.content)
二、 线程、进程
# 2.线程,进程。耗费资源提高网络请求。(3s,用了3个线程或进程) # 不是创建越多的线程和进程就好,线程之间的切换耗时,效率很低。使用线程池 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor,ProcessPoolExecutor # ThreadPoolExecutor线程池,ProcessPoolExecutor进程池 # python2中没ThreadPoolExecutor线程池 def tast(url): response = requests.get(url) print(response.content) pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(10) #最多10个线程 # pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(10) # pool改为pool = ProcessPoolExecutor(10)就是进程池了 for url in url_list: pool.submit(tast,url) # tast为函数名,url为参数。去线程池中获取一个线程,执行tast函数 pool.shutdown(wait=True) # 等待上面的线程都执行完再往下走
三、 异步非阻塞
# 3.异步非阻塞的方式:本质是socket。 # 异步:回调,执行完后再回调这个函数。 # 非阻塞:不等。创建socket对象,连接,发送数据,接收数据一气呵成的,不等每个操作是否执行完毕。 # 阻塞:100个请求,向远程发连接,每个请求先执行connect,连接成功才能发送,连接的时候是堵塞的,第一个url连接,第二个等着第一个处理完。 # 并且第一个连接也要等着,等着发消息,等连接成功才能发消息,然后返回结果。 # client = socket();client.connet(ip,端口) # 非阻塞:第一个url来了,发连接,发过去不等,往下走要发送消息,但这时候发送消息可能会失败,因为可能还未连接成功,可能会报错,然后紧接着收消息,收不到报错。 # 所以单纯给socket设置上非阻塞一定会报错,所以这里非阻塞指的不是排队这个,而是一个url来了后是否阻塞。 # client = socket(); client.setblocking(False); client.connet(ip,端口) # 异步非阻塞的方式:100个url请求同时进行,先不发消息,全部只连接,当其中有url请求连接成功,告诉下我要发数据,这叫回调动作。收到回调动作后拿到结果再执行下一步操作。
a. asyncio
python3.3后增加的内置模块asyncio,但是该模块只能发tcp请求(socket的请求),不能发http请求,更偏向底层些。 也可以自己封装构造http请求。但不常用,太偏向底层。
import asyncio @asyncio.coroutine def fetch_async(host, url='/'): print(host, url) reader, writer = yield from asyncio.open_connection(host, 80) # open_connection,连接会阻塞,不等 # 发数据 request_header_content = """GET %s HTTP/1.0 Host: %s """ % (url, host,) # GET %s HTTP/1.0 Host: %s 构造请求头的一部分, 分割请求头请求体。封装成这种类型的发给TCP,TCP以为是http协议 request_header_content = bytes(request_header_content, encoding='utf-8') writer.write(request_header_content) yield from writer.drain() text = yield from reader.read() # 等待用户返回数据,等到返回结果后才往下走 print(host, url, text) writer.close() tasks = [ fetch_async('www.cnblogs.com', '/wupeiqi/'), fetch_async('dig.chouti.com', '/pic/show?nid=4073644713430508&lid=10273091') ] loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks)) loop.close()
b. asyncio + aiohttp
把数据封装成http协议,再把数据发送给asyncio
import aiohttp import asyncio @asyncio.coroutine def fetch_async(url): print(url) response = yield from aiohttp.request('GET', url) # 内部连接、发消息、等数据回来 print(url, response) response.close() tasks = [fetch_async('http://www.google.com/'), fetch_async('http://www.chouti.com/')] event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks)) event_loop.close()
c. asyncio + requests
原理同上面二个,封装的更深
import asyncio import requests @asyncio.coroutine def fetch_async(func, *args): loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() future = loop.run_in_executor(None, func, *args) response = yield from future print(response.url, response.content) tasks = [ fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/'), fetch_async(requests.get, 'http://dig.chouti.com/pic/show?nid=4073644713430508&lid=10273091') ] loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() results = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks)) loop.close()
d. gevent + requests
gevent本身是没有协程的功能,内部一栏greenlet模块,greenlet模块才是真正实现协程的。依赖libevent...C的一个库。 因为greenlet遇到IO阻塞不能自动切换执行另外一个请求,不够智能。
greenlet:遇到switch切换执行另一个请求
from greenlet import greenlet def test1(): print 12 # 第4步 gr2.switch() # 第5步 print 34 # 第8步 gr2.switch() # 第9步 def test2(): print 56 # 第6步 gr1.switch() # 第7步 print 78 # 第10步 gr1 = greenlet(test1) # 第1步 gr2 = greenlet(test2) # 第2步 gr1.switch() # 第3步
和gevent配合是遇到IO阻塞时才切换执行另一个请求,完成异步非阻塞
import gevent import requests from gevent import monkey monkey.patch_all() # 将request.get(...)或request.post(...)内部的socket替换成setblocking(False)非阻塞的socket def fetch_async(method, url, req_kwargs): print(method, url, req_kwargs) response = requests.request(method=method, url=url, **req_kwargs) print(response.url, response.content) # ##### 发送请求 ##### gevent.joinall([ gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}), gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}), gevent.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://github.com/', req_kwargs={}), ]) # ##### 发送请求(协程池控制最大协程数量) ##### from gevent.pool import Pool pool = Pool(None) gevent.joinall([ pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.python.org/', req_kwargs={}), pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.yahoo.com/', req_kwargs={}), pool.spawn(fetch_async, method='get', url='https://www.github.com/', req_kwargs={}), ])
e. grequests
本质是gevent + requests的封装
import grequests request_list = [ grequests.get('http://httpbin.org/delay/1', timeout=0.001), grequests.get('http://fakedomain/'), grequests.get('http://httpbin.org/status/500') ] # ##### 执行并获取响应列表 ##### response_list = grequests.map(request_list) print(response_list) # ##### 执行并获取响应列表(处理异常) ##### def exception_handler(request, exception): print(request,exception) print("Request failed") response_list = grequests.map(request_list, exception_handler=exception_handler) print(response_list)
f. Twisted
全部是一下执行到底,没有等待,因为根本没有发数据,只是创建了个对象,发送了连接的请求
from twisted.web.client import getPage, defer from twisted.internet import reactor def all_done(arg): reactor.stop() def callback(contents): print(contents) deferred_list = [] url_list = ['http://www.bing.com', 'http://www.baidu.com', ] for url in url_list: deferred = getPage(bytes(url, encoding='utf8')) # getPage相当于requests模块。deferred是创建的对象 deferred.addCallback(callback) # addCallback回调,这里是异步 deferred_list.append(deferred) dlist = defer.DeferredList(deferred_list) dlist.addBoth(all_done) # 所有的请求都执行完了,执行all_done函数,中止,防止reactor.run()不停的死循环 reactor.run() # reactor.run()内部是死循环,deferred_list是二个socket对象,检测deferred_list是否连接成功,成功发请求返回数据,直到数据全部返回死循环还是中止不了
g. Tornado
和Twisted类似
from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient from tornado.httpclient import HTTPRequest from tornado import ioloop def handle_response(response): """ 处理返回值内容(需要维护计数器,来停止IO循环),调用 ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop() :param response: :return: """ if response.error: print("Error:", response.error) else: print(response.body) def func(): url_list = [ 'http://www.baidu.com', 'http://www.bing.com', ] for url in url_list: print(url) http_client = AsyncHTTPClient() http_client.fetch(HTTPRequest(url), handle_response) # 每个循环结束,执行handle_response回调 ioloop.IOLoop.current().add_callback(func) ioloop.IOLoop.current().start() # 开始循环执行handle_response
h. Twisted补充
from twisted.internet import reactor from twisted.web.client import getPage import urllib.parse def one_done(arg): print(arg) reactor.stop() post_data = urllib.parse.urlencode({'check_data': 'adf'}) post_data = bytes(post_data, encoding='utf8') headers = {b'Content-Type': b'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} response = getPage(bytes('http://dig.chouti.com/login', encoding='utf8'), method=bytes('POST', encoding='utf8'), postdata=post_data, cookies={}, headers=headers) response.addBoth(one_done) reactor.run()
总结:
gevent + requests、Twisted、asyncio + requests比较常用, 按优先级 Twisted > gevent + requests > asyncio + requests或者asyncio + aiohttp
四、自定制异步IO模型
a. socket客户端 obj = socket() # obj.connect((198.1.1.1,80)) obj.connect((http://dig.chouti.com/,80)) # 阻塞 obj.send('GET /index http1.1 host:... content-type:xxxxx ') obj.recv(1024) # 最多接收字节 # 阻塞 obj.close() 示例:基于socket实现http请求 ############ 阻塞 ############ import socket client = socket.socket() # 连接 client.connect(("43.226.160.17",80)) # 阻塞 # ping dig.chouti.com ---> 43.226.160.17 # 发送请求 data = b"GET / HTTP/1.0 host: dig.chouti.com " client.sendall(data) response = client.recv(8096) # 阻塞 print(response) client.close() ############ 非阻塞 ############ import socket client = socket.socket() client.setblocking(False) # client.setblocking(0) 都可以,设置成非阻塞 try: # 连接 client.connect(("43.226.160.17",80)) # 连接的请求已经发送出去 except BlockingIOError as e: print(e) # 发送请求 data = b"GET / HTTP/1.0 host: dig.chouti.com " client.sendall(data) response = client.recv(8096) # 非阻塞,但接收不到消息,也会报错 print(response) client.close() 总结: 发送Http请求 非阻塞,会报错 使用try 定义一些操作 b. IO多路复用,用来检测【多个】socket对象是否有变化 伪代码,实现异步非阻塞 socket_list = [] for i in [www.baid.......,.....] client = socket.socket() client.setblocking(False) # 连接 try: client.connect((i,80)) # 连接的请求已经发送出去, except BlockingIOError as e: print(e) socket_list.append(client) # 事件循环 while True: r,w,e = select.select(socket_list,socket_list,[],0.05) # w, 是什么?[sk2,sk3],连接成功了 for obj in w: obj.send("GET / http/1.0....") # r,是什么? [sk2,sk3], 要收数据了 for obj in r: response = obj.recv(...) print(response) 知识点: client.setblocking(False) select.select检测:连接成功,数据回来了
import socket import select class Request(object): def __init__(self,sock,info): self.sock = sock self.info = info def fileno(self): return self.sock.fileno() class Test(object): def __init__(self): self.sock_list = [] self.conns = [] def add_request(self,req_info): """ 创建请求 :param req_info: {'host':'www.baidu.com','port':80,'path':'/'} :return: """ sock = socket.socket() sock.setblocking(False) try: sock.connect((req_info['host'],req_info['port'])) except BlockingIOError as e: pass obj = Request(sock,req_info) self.sock_list.append(obj) self.conns.append(obj) def run(self): '''开始事件循环,检测连接是否成功,数据是否返回''' while True: #select.select([socket对象,]),其实不是仅限于socket对象,可以是任何对象,但这个对象一定要有fileno方法 # select.select([socket对象,])拿到的不是socket对象,而是socket对象方法fileno的返回值。对象.fileno() r,w,e = select.select(self.sock_list,self.conns,[],0.05) # select.select(self.sock_list,self.conns,[],0.05) ---> select.select([request对象,]) # w,是否连接成功,w有值连接成功 for obj in w: data = "GET %s http/1.1 host:%s "%(obj.info['path'],obj.info['host']) obj.sock.send(data.encode('utf8')) self.conns.remove(obj) # 数据返回,接收到数据 for obj in r: response = obj.sock.recv(8096) print(obj.info['host'],response) obj.info['callback'](response) self.sock_list.remove(obj) # 所有的请求已经返回 if not self.sock_list: break
from .test import Test def done1(response): print(response) def done2(response): print(response) url_list = [ {'host':'www.baidu.com','port':80,'path':'/','callback':done1}, {'host':'www.cnblogs.com','port':80,'path':'/index.html','callback':done2}, {'host':'www.bing.com','port':80,'path':'/','callback':done2}, ] test = Test() for item in url_list: test.add_request(item) test.run()
以上是Twisted和Tornado实现异步非阻塞模块的原理