• 二十六 使用枚举类


    当我们需要定义常量时,一个办法是用大写变量通过整数来定义,例如月份:

    JAN = 1
    FEB = 2
    MAR = 3
    ...
    NOV = 11
    DEC = 12

    好处是简单,缺点是类型是int,并且仍然是变量。

    更好的方法是为这样的枚举类型定义一个class类型,然后,每个常量都是class的一个唯一实例。Python提供了Enum类来实现这个功能:

    from enum import Enum
    
    Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))

    value属性则是自动赋给成员的int常量,默认从1开始计数。

    如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型,可以从Enum派生出自定义类:

    from enum import Enum, unique
    
    @unique
    class Weekday(Enum):
        Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0
        Mon = 1
        Tue = 2
        Wed = 3
        Thu = 4
        Fri = 5
        Sat = 6

    @unique装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值。

    访问这些枚举类型可以有若干种方法:

    >>> day1 = Weekday.Mon
    >>> print(day1)
    Weekday.Mon
    >>> print(Weekday.Tue)
    Weekday.Tue
    >>> print(Weekday['Tue'])
    Weekday.Tue
    >>> print(Weekday.Tue.value)
    2
    >>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon)
    True
    >>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue)
    False
    >>> print(Weekday(1))
    Weekday.Mon
    >>> print(day1 == Weekday(1))
    True
    >>> Weekday(7)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    ValueError: 7 is not a valid Weekday
    >>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items():
    ...     print(name, '=>', member)
    ...
    Sun => Weekday.Sun
    Mon => Weekday.Mon
    Tue => Weekday.Tue
    Wed => Weekday.Wed
    Thu => Weekday.Thu
    Fri => Weekday.Fri
    Sat => Weekday.Sat

    可见,既可以用成员名称引用枚举常量,又可以直接根据value的值获得枚举常量。

    小结

    Enum可以把一组相关常量定义在一个class中,且class不可变,而且成员可以直接比较。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wuxl360/p/5462674.html
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