• python 之 多进程


    序. multiprocessing
    python中的多线程其实并不是真正的多线程,如果想要充分地使用多核CPU的资源,在python中大部分情况需要使用多进程。Python提供了非常好用的多进程包multiprocessing,只需要定义一个函数,Python会完成其他所有事情。借助这个包,可以轻松完成从单进程到并发执行的转换。multiprocessing支持子进程、通信和共享数据、执行不同形式的同步,提供了Process、Queue、Pipe、Lock等组件。

    1. Process

    创建进程的类:Process([group [, target [, name [, args [, kwargs]]]]]),target表示调用对象,args表示调用对象的位置参数元组。kwargs表示调用对象的字典。name为别名。group实质上不使用。
    方法:is_alive() 、join([timeout])、run()、start()、terminate()。其中,Process以start()启动某个进程。

    is_alive():判断该进程是否还活着

    join([timeout]):主进程阻塞,等待子进程的退出, join方法要在close或terminate之后使用。

    run():进程p调用start()时,自动调用run()

    属性:authkey、daemon(要通过start()设置)、exitcode(进程在运行时为None、如果为–N,表示被信号N结束)、name、pid。其中daemon是父进程终止后自动终止,且自己不能产生新进程,必须在start()之前设置。

    例1.1:创建函数并将其作为单个进程

    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def worker(interval):
        n = 5
        while n > 0:
            print("The time is {0}".format(time.ctime()))  #输出时间的格式
            time.sleep(interval)
            n -= 1
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))
        p.start()
        print "p.pid:", p.pid
        print "p.name:", p.name
        print "p.is_alive:", p.is_alive()

    结果

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    p.pid: 8736
    p.name: Process-1
    p.is_alive: True
    The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:12 2015
    The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:15 2015
    The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:18 2015
    The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:21 2015
    The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:24 2015

    例1.2:创建函数并将其作为多个进程

    复制代码
    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def worker_1(interval):
        print "worker_1"
        time.sleep(interval)
        print "end worker_1"
    
    def worker_2(interval):
        print "worker_2"
        time.sleep(interval)
        print "end worker_2"
    
    def worker_3(interval):
        print "worker_3"
        time.sleep(interval)
        print "end worker_3"
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
      p1 = Process(target=worker_1, args=(6,))
    p2 = Process(target=worker_2, args=(4,))
    p3 = Process(target=worker_3, args=(2,))
      p1.start() p2.start() p3.start()
      print("The number of CPU is:" + str(cpu_count()))
       for p in active_children():
       print("child p.name:=%s" % p.name + " p.id=%s" % str(p.pid))
      print(p1.pid)
      print("END-----")
    复制代码

    结果

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    The number of CPU is:4
    child p.name:=Process-2 p.id=3864
    child p.name:=Process-3 p.id=3256
    child p.name:=Process-1 p.id=7336
    7336
    END-----
    worker_1
    worker_2
    worker_3
    end worker_3
    end worker_2
    end worker_1

    例1.3:将进程定义为类

    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    class ClockProcess(multiprocessing.Process):
        def __init__(self, interval):
            multiprocessing.Process.__init__(self)
            self.interval = interval
    
        def run(self):
            n = 5
            while n > 0:
                print("the time is {0}".format(time.ctime()))
                time.sleep(self.interval)
                n -= 1
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        p = ClockProcess(3)
        p.start()      

    :进程p调用start()时,自动调用run()

    结果

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    the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:30 2015
    the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:33 2015
    the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:36 2015
    the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:39 2015
    the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:42 2015

    例1.4:daemon程序对比结果

    #1.4-1 不加daemon属性

    复制代码
    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def worker(interval):
        print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
        time.sleep(interval)
        print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))
        p.start()
        print "end!"
    复制代码

    结果

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    end!
    work start:Tue Apr 21 21:29:10 2015
    work end:Tue Apr 21 21:29:13 2015

    #1.4-2 加上daemon属性

    复制代码
    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def worker(interval):
        print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
        time.sleep(interval)
        print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))
        p.daemon = True
        p.start()
        print "end!"
    复制代码

    结果

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    end!

    :因子进程设置了daemon属性,主进程结束,它们就随着结束了。

      在多线程模型中,默认情况下(sub-Thread.daemon=False)主线程会等待子线程退出后再退出,而如果sub- Thread.setDaemon(True)时,主线程不会等待子线程,直接退出,而此时子线程会随着主线程的对出而退出,避免这种情况,主线程中需要 对子线程进行join,等待子线程执行完毕后再退出。对应的,在多进程模型中,Process类也有daemon属性,而它表示的含义与 Thread.daemon类似,当设置sub-Process.daemon=True时,主进程中需要对子进程进行等待,否则子进程会随着主进程的退 出而退出

    更详细:http://www.tuicool.com/articles/zii6bm

    #1.4-3 设置daemon执行完结束的方法

    复制代码
    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def worker(interval):
        print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
        time.sleep(interval)
        print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))
        p.daemon = True
        p.start()
        p.join()
        print "end!"
    复制代码

    结果

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    work start:Tue Apr 21 22:16:32 2015
    work end:Tue Apr 21 22:16:35 2015
    end!

    2. Lock

    当多个进程需要访问共享资源的时候,Lock可以用来避免访问的冲突。

    import multiprocessing
    import sys
    
    def worker_with(lock, f):
        with lock:
            fs = open(f, 'a+')
            n = 10
            while n > 1:
                fs.write("Lockd acquired via with
    ")
                n -= 1
            fs.close()
            
    def worker_no_with(lock, f):
        lock.acquire()
        try:
            fs = open(f, 'a+')
            n = 10
            while n > 1:
                fs.write("Lock acquired directly
    ")
                n -= 1
            fs.close()
        finally:
            lock.release()
        
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        lock = multiprocessing.Lock()
        f = "file.txt"
        w = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_with, args=(lock, f))
        nw = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_no_with, args=(lock, f))
        w.start()
        nw.start()
        print "end"

    结果(输出文件)

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    Lockd acquired via with
    Lockd acquired via with
    Lockd acquired via with
    Lockd acquired via with
    Lockd acquired via with
    Lockd acquired via with
    Lockd acquired via with
    Lockd acquired via with
    Lockd acquired via with
    Lock acquired directly
    Lock acquired directly
    Lock acquired directly
    Lock acquired directly
    Lock acquired directly
    Lock acquired directly
    Lock acquired directly
    Lock acquired directly
    Lock acquired directly

    3. Semaphore

    Semaphore用来控制对共享资源的访问数量,例如池的最大连接数。

    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def worker(s, i):
        s.acquire()
        print(multiprocessing.current_process().name + "acquire");
        time.sleep(i)
        print(multiprocessing.current_process().name + "release
    ");
        s.release()
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        s = multiprocessing.Semaphore(2)
        for i in range(5):
            p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args=(s, i*2))
            p.start()

    结果

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    Process-1acquire
    Process-1release
     
    Process-2acquire
    Process-3acquire
    Process-2release
     
    Process-5acquire
    Process-3release
     
    Process-4acquire
    Process-5release
     
    Process-4release

    例子2:

    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    
    def worker(s, ):
        s.acquire()
        print(multiprocessing.current_process().name + "acquire")
        time.sleep(1)
        # print(multiprocessing.current_process().name + "release
    ")
        s.release()
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        s = multiprocessing.Semaphore(2)
        for i in range(5):
            p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args=(s, ))
            # time.sleep(0.01)
            p.start()
    #####结果######

    Process-4acquire
    Process-3acquire


    Process-1acquire
    Process-2acquire


    Process-5acquire

     

    4. Event

    Event用来实现进程间同步通信。

    import multiprocessing
    import time

    def wait_for_event(e):
    print("wait_for_event: starting")
    e.wait() #一直阻塞的去等待set值
    print('*****')
    print("wairt_for_event: e.is_set()->" + str(e.is_set()))

    def wait_for_event_timeout(e, t):
    print("wait_for_event_timeout:starting")
    e.wait(2) #等2s去取set值
    print('------')
    print("wait_for_event_timeout:e.is_set->" + str(e.is_set()))

    if __name__ == "__main__":
    e = multiprocessing.Event()
    # e.set()
    w1 = multiprocessing.Process(name="block", target=wait_for_event, args=(e,))
    w2 = multiprocessing.Process(name="non-block", target=wait_for_event_timeout, args=(e, 2))
    w1.start()
    w2.start()
    time.sleep(10)
    e.set() # 设置set的值
    print("main: event is set")

    结果

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    wait_for_event: starting
    wait_for_event_timeout:starting
    ------
    wait_for_event_timeout:e.is_set->False
    main: event is set
    *****
    wairt_for_event: e.is_set()->True

    5. Queue

    Queue是多进程安全的队列,可以使用Queue实现多进程之间的数据传递。put方法用以插入数据到队列中,put方法还有两个可选参数:blocked和timeout。如果blocked为True(默认值),并且timeout为正值,该方法会阻塞timeout指定的时间,直到该队列有剩余的空间。如果超时,会抛出Queue.Full异常。如果blocked为False,但该Queue已满,会立即抛出Queue.Full异常。
     
    get方法可以从队列读取并且删除一个元素。同样,get方法有两个可选参数:blocked和timeout。如果blocked为True(默认值),并且timeout为正值,那么在等待时间内没有取到任何元素,会抛出Queue.Empty异常。如果blocked为False,有两种情况存在,如果Queue有一个值可用,则立即返回该值,否则,如果队列为空,则立即抛出Queue.Empty异常。Queue的一段示例代码:
    import multiprocessing
    
    def writer_proc(q):      
        try:         
            q.put(1, block = False) 
        except:         
            pass   
    
    def reader_proc(q):      
        try:         
            print q.get(block = False) 
        except:         
            pass
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        q = multiprocessing.Queue()
        writer = multiprocessing.Process(target=writer_proc, args=(q,))  
        writer.start()   
    
        reader = multiprocessing.Process(target=reader_proc, args=(q,))  
        reader.start()  
    
        #reader.join()   这样会一直阻塞
        #writer.join()

    结果

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    1

    6. Pipe

    Pipe方法返回(conn1, conn2)代表一个管道的两个端。Pipe方法有duplex参数,如果duplex参数为True(默认值),那么这个管道是全双工模式,也就是说conn1和conn2均可收发。duplex为False,conn1只负责接受消息,conn2只负责发送消息。
     
    send和recv方法分别是发送和接受消息的方法。例如,在全双工模式下,可以调用conn1.send发送消息,conn1.recv接收消息。如果没有消息可接收,recv方法会一直阻塞。如果管道已经被关闭,那么recv方法会抛出EOFError。
    import multiprocessing
    import time

    def proc1(pipe):
    # while True:
    for i in range(3):
    print("send: %s" %(i))
    pipe.send(i)
    time.sleep(1)


    def proc2(pipe):
    while True:
    print ("proc2 rev:", pipe.recv())
    time.sleep(1)

    def proc3(pipe):
    while True:
    print("PROC3 rev:", pipe.recv())
    time.sleep(1)

    if __name__ == "__main__":
    pipe = multiprocessing.Pipe()
    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc1, args=(pipe[0],))
    p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc2, args=(pipe[1],))
    #p3 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc3, args=(pipe[1],))

    p1.start()
    p2.start()
    # p3.start()

    # p1.join()
    # p2.join()
    # p3.join()
    #######结果########

    send: 0
    proc2 rev: 0
    send: 1
    proc2 rev: 1
    send: 2
    proc2 rev: 2

    结果

    7. Pool

    在利用Python进行系统管理的时候,特别是同时操作多个文件目录,或者远程控制多台主机,并行操作可以节约大量的时间。当被操作对象数目不大时,可以直接利用multiprocessing中的Process动态成生多个进程,十几个还好,但如果是上百个,上千个目标,手动的去限制进程数量却又太过繁琐,此时可以发挥进程池的功效。
    Pool可以提供指定数量的进程,供用户调用,当有新的请求提交到pool中时,如果池还没有满,那么就会创建一个新的进程用来执行该请求;但如果池中的进程数已经达到规定最大值,那么该请求就会等待,直到池中有进程结束,才会创建新的进程来它。

     例子:

    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    
    def func(msg, a):
        # if a == 1:
        #     time.sleep(8)
        #     print(1)
        print("msg:", msg)
    
        print("++++")
        time.sleep(3)
        # print("end")
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=3)
        for i in range(7):
            msg = "hello %d" % (i)
            a = i
            # 维持执行的进程总数为processes,当一个进程执行完毕后会添加新的进程进去
            pool.apply_async(func, (msg, a, ))
        pool.close()
    
        # 调用join之前,先调用close函数,否则会出错。执行完close后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待所有子进程结束
        pool.join()
        print("Sub-process(es) done.")

    例7.1:使用进程池(非阻塞)

    #coding: utf-8
    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def func(msg):
        print "msg:", msg
        time.sleep(3)
        print "end"
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes = 3)
        for i in xrange(4):
            msg = "hello %d" %(i)
            pool.apply_async(func, (msg, ))   #维持执行的进程总数为processes,当一个进程执行完毕后会添加新的进程进去
    
        print "Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
        pool.close()
        pool.join()   #调用join之前,先调用close函数,否则会出错。执行完close后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待所有子进程结束
        print "Sub-process(es) done."

    一次执行结果

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    mMsg: hark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ello 0
     
    msg: hello 1
    msg: hello 2
    end
    msg: hello 3
    end
    end
    end
    Sub-process(es) done.

    函数解释:

    • apply_async(func[, args[, kwds[, callback]]]) 它是非阻塞,apply(func[, args[, kwds]])是阻塞的(理解区别,看例1例2结果区别)
    • close()    关闭pool,使其不在接受新的任务。
    • terminate()    结束工作进程,不在处理未完成的任务。
    • join()    主进程阻塞,等待子进程的退出, join方法要在close或terminate之后使用。

    执行说明:创建一个进程池pool,并设定进程的数量为3,xrange(4)会相继产生四个对象[0, 1, 2, 4],四个对象被提交到pool中,因pool指定进程数为3,所以0、1、2会直接送到进程中执行,当其中一个执行完事后才空出一个进程处理对象3,所以会出现输出“msg: hello 3”出现在"end"后。因为为非阻塞,主函数会自己执行自个的,不搭理进程的执行,所以运行完for循环后直接输出“mMsg: hark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~”,主程序在pool.join()处等待各个进程的结束。

    例7.2:使用进程池(阻塞)

    #coding: utf-8
    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def func(msg):
        print "msg:", msg
        time.sleep(3)
        print "end"
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes = 3)
        for i in xrange(4):
            msg = "hello %d" %(i)
            pool.apply(func, (msg, ))   #维持执行的进程总数为processes,当一个进程执行完毕后会添加新的进程进去
    
        print "Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
        pool.close()
        pool.join()   #调用join之前,先调用close函数,否则会出错。执行完close后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待所有子进程结束
        print "Sub-process(es) done."

    一次执行的结果

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    msg: hello 0
    end
    msg: hello 1
    end
    msg: hello 2
    end
    msg: hello 3
    end
    Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Sub-process(es) done.

      

    例7.3:使用进程池,并关注结果

    import multiprocessing
    import time
    
    def func(msg):
        print "msg:", msg
        time.sleep(3)
        print "end"
        return "done" + msg
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=4)
        result = []
        for i in xrange(3):
            msg = "hello %d" %(i)
            result.append(pool.apply_async(func, (msg, )))
        pool.close()
        pool.join()
        for res in result:
            print ":::", res.get()
        print "Sub-process(es) done."

    一次执行结果

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    msg: hello 0
    msg: hello 1
    msg: hello 2
    end
    end
    end
    ::: donehello 0
    ::: donehello 1
    ::: donehello 2
    Sub-process(es) done.

    例7.4:使用多个进程池

    import multiprocessing
    import os, time, random
    
    
    def Lee(i):
        print('1', i)
        time.sleep(3)
        print('-----')
        # print("
    Run task Lee-%s" %(os.getpid())) #os.getpid()获取当前的进程的ID
        # start = time.time()
        # time.sleep(random.random() * 10) #random.random()随机生成0-1之间的小数
        # end = time.time()
        # print('Task Lee, runs %0.2f seconds.' % (end - start))
    
    
    def Marlon(i):
        print('2', i)
        time.sleep(3)
        print('-----')
        # print("
    Run task Marlon-%s" % (os.getpid()))
        # start = time.time()
        # time.sleep(random.random() * 40)
        # end = time.time()
        # print('Task Marlon runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start))
    
    
    def Allen(i):
        print('3', i)
        time.sleep(3)
        print('-----')
        # print("
    Run task Allen-%s" %(os.getpid()))
        # start = time.time()
        # time.sleep(random.random() * 30)
        # end = time.time()
        # print('Task Allen runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start))
    
    
    def Frank(i):
        print('4', i)
        time.sleep(3)
        print('-----')
        # print("
    Run task Frank-%s" %(os.getpid()))
        # start = time.time()
        # time.sleep(random.random() * 20)
        # end = time.time()
        # print('Task Frank runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start))
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
    
        function_list = [Lee, Marlon, Allen, Frank]
    
        # print("parent process %s" % (os.getpid()))
    
        pool = multiprocessing.Pool(4)
        for func in function_list:
            # Pool执行函数,apply执行函数,当有一个进程执行完毕后,会添加一个新的进程到pool中
            for i in ['a', 'b', 'c','d', 'e', 'f', 'g']:
                pool.apply_async(func, args=(i,))
    
        print('Waiting for all subprocesses done...')
        pool.close()
        # 调用join之前,一定要先调用close() 函数,否则会出错, close()执行后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待素有子进程结束
    
        pool.join()
        print('All subprocesses done.')
    View Code
    #coding: utf-8
    import multiprocessing
    import os, time, random
    
    def Lee():
        print "
    Run task Lee-%s" %(os.getpid()) #os.getpid()获取当前的进程的ID
        start = time.time()
        time.sleep(random.random() * 10) #random.random()随机生成0-1之间的小数
        end = time.time()
        print 'Task Lee, runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start)
    
    def Marlon():
        print "
    Run task Marlon-%s" %(os.getpid())
        start = time.time()
        time.sleep(random.random() * 40)
        end=time.time()
        print 'Task Marlon runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start)
    
    def Allen():
        print "
    Run task Allen-%s" %(os.getpid())
        start = time.time()
        time.sleep(random.random() * 30)
        end = time.time()
        print 'Task Allen runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start)
    
    def Frank():
        print "
    Run task Frank-%s" %(os.getpid())
        start = time.time()
        time.sleep(random.random() * 20)
        end = time.time()
        print 'Task Frank runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start)
            
    if __name__=='__main__':
        function_list=  [Lee, Marlon, Allen, Frank] 
        print "parent process %s" %(os.getpid())
    
        pool=multiprocessing.Pool(4)
        for func in function_list:
            pool.apply_async(func)     #Pool执行函数,apply执行函数,当有一个进程执行完毕后,会添加一个新的进程到pool中
    
        print 'Waiting for all subprocesses done...'
        pool.close()
        pool.join()    #调用join之前,一定要先调用close() 函数,否则会出错, close()执行后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待素有子进程结束
        print 'All subprocesses done.'

    一次执行结果

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    parent process 7704
     
    Waiting for all subprocesses done...
    Run task Lee-6948
     
    Run task Marlon-2896
     
    Run task Allen-7304
     
    Run task Frank-3052
    Task Lee, runs 1.59 seconds.
    Task Marlon runs 8.48 seconds.
    Task Frank runs 15.68 seconds.
    Task Allen runs 18.08 seconds.
    All subprocesses done.
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/work115/p/5621789.html
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