Memcached
Memcached 是一个高性能的分布式内存对象缓存系统,用于动态Web应用以减轻数据库负载。它通过在内存中缓存数据和对象来减少读取数据库的次数,从而提高动态、数据库驱动网站的速度。Memcached基于一个存储键/值对的hashmap。其守护进程(daemon )是用C写的,但是客户端可以用任何语言来编写,并通过memcached协议与守护进程通信。
Python操作Memcached
安装API
python
操作Memcached使用Python-memcached模块
下载安装:https://pypi.python.org/pypi/python-memcached
连接操作
import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True) mc.set("foo", "bar") ret = mc.get('foo') print ret
支持集群
python-memcached模块原生支持集群操作,其原理是在内存维护一个主机列表,且集群中主机的权重值和主机在列表中重复出现的次数成正比
主机 权重 1.1.1.1 1 1.1.1.2 2 1.1.1.3 1 那么在内存中主机列表为: host_list = ["1.1.1.1", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.2", "1.1.1.3", ]
如果用户根据如果要在内存中创建一个键值对(如:k1 = "v1"),那么要执行一下步骤:
- 根据算法将 k1 转换成一个数字
- 将数字和主机列表长度求余数,得到一个值 N( 0 <= N < 列表长度 )
- 在主机列表中根据 第2步得到的值为索引获取主机,例如:host_list[N]
- 连接 将第3步中获取的主机,将 k1 = "v1" 放置在该服务器的内存中
add
添加一条键值对,如果已经存在的 key,重复执行add操作异常
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True) mc.add('k1', 'v1') # mc.add('k1', 'v2') # 报错,对已经存在的key重复添加,失败!!!
replace
replace 修改某个key的值,如果key不存在,则异常
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True) # 如果memcache中存在kkkk,则替换成功,否则一场 mc.replace('kkkk','999')
set 和 set_multi
set 设置一个键值对,如果key不存在,则创建,如果key存在,则修改
set_multi 设置多个键值对,如果key不存在,则创建,如果key存在,则修改
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True) mc.set('key0', 'wupeiqi') mc.set_multi({'key1': 'val1', 'key2': 'val2'})
delete 和 delete_multi
delete 在Memcached中删除指定的一个键值对
delete_multi 在Memcached中删除指定的多个键值对
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True) mc.delete('key0') mc.delete_multi(['key1', 'key2'])
get 和 get_multi
get 获取一个键值对
get_multi 获取多一个键值对
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True) val = mc.get('key0') item_dict = mc.get_multi(["key1", "key2", "key3"])
append 和 prepend
append 修改指定key的值,在该值 后面 追加内容
prepend 修改指定key的值,在该值 前面 插入内容
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True) # k1 = "v1" mc.append('k1', 'after') # k1 = "v1after" mc.prepend('k1', 'before') # k1 = "beforev1after"
decr 和 incr
incr 自增,将Memcached中的某一个值增加 N ( N默认为1 )
decr 自减,将Memcached中的某一个值减少 N ( N默认为1 )
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True) mc.set('k1', '777') mc.incr('k1') # k1 = 778 mc.incr('k1', 10) # k1 = 788 mc.decr('k1') # k1 = 787 mc.decr('k1', 10) # k1 = 777
gets 和 cas
如商城商品剩余个数,假设改值保存在memcache中,product_count = 900
A用户刷新页面从memcache中读取到product_count = 900
B用户刷新页面从memcache中读取到product_count = 900
如果A、B用户均购买商品
A用户修改商品剩余个数 product_count=899
B用户修改商品剩余个数 product_count=899
如此一来缓存内的数据便不在正确,两个用户购买商品后,商品剩余还是 899
如果使用python的set和get来操作以上过程,那么程序就会如上述所示情况!
如果想要避免此情况的发生,只要使用 gets 和 cas 即可,如:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import memcache mc = memcache.Client(['10.211.55.4:12000'], debug=True, cache_cas=True) v = mc.gets('product_count') # ... # 如果有人在gets之后和cas之前修改了product_count,那么,下面的设置将会执行失败,剖出异常,从而避免非正常数据的产生 mc.cas('product_count', "899")
RabbitMQ
RabbitMQ是一个在AMQP基础上完整的,可复用的企业消息系统。他遵循Mozilla Public License开源协议。
MQ全称为Message Queue, 消息队列(MQ)是一种应用程序对应用程序的通信方法。应用程序通过读写出入队列的消息(针对应用程序的数据)来通信,而无需专用连接来链接它们。消 息传递指的是程序之间通过在消息中发送数据进行通信,而不是通过直接调用彼此来通信,直接调用通常是用于诸如远程过程调用的技术。排队指的是应用程序通过 队列来通信。队列的使用除去了接收和发送应用程序同时执行的要求。
安装API
pip install pika
对于RabbitMQ来说,生产和消费不再针对内存里的一个Queue对象,而是某台服务器上的RabbitMQ Server实现的消息队列。
#!/usr/bin/env python import pika # ######################### 生产者 ######################### connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!') print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'") connection.close()
#!/usr/bin/env python import pika # ########################## 消费者 ########################## connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=True) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
durable 消息不丢失
#生产者
#!/usr/bin/env python import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4')) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True) channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='hello', body='Hello World!', properties=pika.BasicProperties( delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent )) print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'") connection.close()
# 消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4')) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True) def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) import time time.sleep(10) print 'ok' ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=False) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
消息获取顺序
默认消息队列里的数据是按照顺序被消费者拿走,例如:消费者1 去队列中获取 奇数 序列的任务,消费者1去队列中获取 偶数 序列的任务。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4')) channel = connection.channel() # make message persistent channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] Received %r" % body) import time time.sleep(10) print 'ok' ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag) channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='hello', no_ack=False) print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C') channel.start_consuming()
发布订阅
发布订阅和简单的消息队列区别在于,发布订阅会将消息发送给所有的订阅者,而消息队列中的数据被消费一次便消失。所以,RabbitMQ实现发布和订阅时,会为每一个订阅者创建一个队列,而发布者发布消息时,会将消息放置在所有相关队列中。
exchange type = fanout
#生产者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', type='fanout') message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!" channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r" % message) connection.close()
#消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', type='fanout') result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name) print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r" % body) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue=queue_name, no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
关键字发送
exchange type = direct
之前事例,发送消息时明确指定某个队列并向其中发送消息,RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送,即:队列绑定关键字,发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange,exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列。
#消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', type='direct') result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue severities = sys.argv[1:] if not severities: sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error] " % sys.argv[0]) sys.exit(1) for severity in severities: channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity) print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body)) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue=queue_name, no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
#生产者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', type='direct') severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info' message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!' channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message)) connection.close()
模糊匹配
exchange type = topic
在topic类型下,可以让队列绑定几个模糊的关键字,之后发送者将数据发送到exchange,exchange将传入”路由值“和 ”关键字“进行匹配,匹配成功,则将数据发送到指定队列。
- # 表示可以匹配 0 个 或 多个 单词
- * 表示只能匹配 一个 单词
发送者路由值 队列中 old.boy.python old.* -- 不匹配 old.boy.python old.# -- 匹配
#消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', type='topic') result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue binding_keys = sys.argv[1:] if not binding_keys: sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [binding_key]... " % sys.argv[0]) sys.exit(1) for binding_key in binding_keys: channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=binding_key) print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body)) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue=queue_name, no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
#生产者 #!/usr/bin/env python import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', type='topic') routing_key = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'anonymous.info' message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!' channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs', routing_key=routing_key, body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message)) connection.close()
RabbitMQ rpc模式
#server , 生产者 #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pika import uuid import json conn = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.37.129.5')) channel = conn.channel() def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(body) ch.queue_delete(method.routing_key) def send_msg(hostname, cmd): """ 向队列中发送命令,并等待命令在客户端执行完成后获取结果 :param hostname: :param cmd: :return: """ # 创建临时队列,用于存放客户端执行命令后的返回值 queue_name = str(uuid.uuid4()) channel.queue_declare(queue=queue_name) # 向客户端队列中发送命令:封装了命令以及执行结果存放的队列名称 body = {'uuid': queue_name, 'content': cmd} channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=hostname, body=json.dumps(body)) # 等待客户端想队列中发送执行结果,超时时间10s v = channel.consume(queue_name, inactivity_timeout=10) try: for method, properties, body in v: # 执行指定回调函数 callback(channel, method, properties, body) except TypeError as e: # 如果超时,则删除临时队列,不再获取数据 channel.queue_delete(queue_name) if __name__ == '__main__': while True: hostname = input('hostname( c1.com 或 c2.com ):') cmd = input('cmd:') if cmd == 'exit': break send_msg(hostname, cmd) conn.close()
#agent 消费者 #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pika import json import subprocess conn = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.37.129.5')) channel = conn.channel() channel.queue_declare(queue='c2.com') def callback(ch, method, properties, body): body = json.loads(str(body, encoding='utf-8')) result = subprocess.getoutput(body['content']) result = 'c2.com:%s' % result ch.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=body['uuid'], body=result) channel.basic_consume(callback, queue='c2.com', no_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
程序练习:
基于主机管理的程序把ssh换成rpc的连接方式