linux添加新磁盘和创建分区

Linux磁盘概念及其管理工具fdisk：http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-08/134664.htm 
一、 
进入linux虚拟机 右键 open in terminal 
su 输入密码切换为root用户 
fdisk -l 查看磁盘情况 
我的目前只有sda一个磁盘 
添加sdb磁盘：关机，菜单栏中找到虚拟机—设置，点击硬盘—添加，按步骤走就可以了，启动虚拟机，就有sdb了

二、 
虽然硬盘分区表中最多能存储四个分区，但我们实际使用时一般只分为两个分区，一个是主分区（Primary Partion）一个是扩展分区(extended partition)两种，主分区可以马上被使用但不能再分区，扩展分区必须再进行分区后才能使用，也就是说它必须还要进行二次分区。那么由扩充分区再分下去的是什么呢？它就是逻辑分区（Logical Partion），况且逻辑分区没有数量上限制。 对习惯于使用Dos或Windows的朋友来说，有几个分区就有几个驱动器，并且每个分区都会获得一个字母标识符，然后就可以选用这个字母来指定在这个分区上的文件和目录，它们的文件结构都是独立的，非常好理解。 
但是初上手Red Hat Linux吗，可就有点恼人了。因为对Linux用户来说无论有几个分区，分给哪一目录使用，它归根结底就只有一个根目录，一个独立且唯一的文件结构。Red Hat Linux中每个分区都是用来组成整个文件系统的一部分，因为它采用了一种叫“挂载点”的处理方法，它的整个文件系统中包含了一整套的文件和目录，且将一个分区和一个目录联系起来。这时要载入的一个分区将使它的存储空间在一个目录下获得。

1、 fdisk -l 查看磁盘情况 

2、 下面对/dev/sdb 进行分区：

[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x1949791c.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): m                //输入m查看帮助文档
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition              //添加一个新的分区
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

#fdisk选中/dev/sdb 输入m所有基本选项都出现，输入n新建分区
Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended     //扩展分区

3、有扩展分区和主分区，逻辑分区在扩展分区中建立。注意到括号中的1-4，最多只能建四个主分区（包括扩展分区）。先建一个主分区：

 #继续上面的操作
Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended    //扩展分区
   p   primary partition (1-4)  //主分区

p   #输入p创建主分区
Partition number (1-4): 1   #分区号为1
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1):   #直接回车默认从第一个柱面开始划分
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +2G
#加空间大小，这里有很多种选择：+后面单位可以接M，G，K（记得要大写）表示划分你所加的空间，也可以是柱面数。不管怎样都不能超过该磁盘剩余的空间否则无效。

Command (m for help): p    #分好后查看分区信息，刚所做的所有一目了然。

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x1949791c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         262     2104483+  83  Linux

4、同上所述建立扩展分区：

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
e
Partition number (1-4): 4
First cylinder (263-2610, default 263): 
Using default value 263
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (263-2610, default 2610): +4G

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x1949791c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         262     2104483+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb4             263         785     4200997+   5  Extended

5、扩展分区建好就可以在扩展分区建立逻辑分区了

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   l   logical (5 or over)
   p   primary partition (1-4)
l   #创建逻辑分区
First cylinder (263-785, default 263): 
Using default value 263
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (263-785, default 785): +2G

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x1949791c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         262     2104483+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb4             263         785     4200997+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5             263         524     2104483+  83  Linux

6、上面显示已经建好一个主分区，一个逻辑分区，但是这些现在还没有生效，需要保存退出。

Command (m for help): w  #保存退出
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

7、退出后查看：

[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00053377

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          39      307200   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              39        2358    18631680   83  Linux
/dev/sda3            2358        2611     2031616   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x1949791c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         262     2104483+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb4             263         785     4200997+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5             263         524     2104483+  83  Linux

8、这时需要给它设置文件系统并进行格式化。 
mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb5 
给它设置ext3的文件系统，并格式化。

[root@localhost Desktop]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb5
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131648 inodes, 526120 blocks
26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216
17 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7744 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 26 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

9、在新建个目录，mkdir /data15 ; 
用来挂载这个分区。mount /dev/sdb5 /data15 ;

[root@localhost Desktop]# mkdir /data15;
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount /dev/sdb5 /data15;

10、查看是否挂载成功：df -TH /data15/

[root@localhost Desktop]# df -TH /data15/
Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb5      ext3  2.2G   71M  2.0G   4% /data15

11、这样就可以正常使用了。可是重启之后又要手动挂载怎么办？ 
很简单，我们只要配置一下就OK了。 
vim /etc/fstab 
编辑文件 将/dev/sdb5 /data15 ext3 defaults 0 0加入即可

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Mon Oct 24 02:05:13 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=147a6e0f-8fa6-4bb5-a27a-91aaa7cf178f /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=410da4b5-ac87-43e3-ab4a-b33df31e38cf /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=d0c4ed83-d5d3-4245-af14-1434f4b3438f swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb5 /data15 ext3 defaults 0 0
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
"/etc/fstab" 16L, 841C     

【o】 英文小写字母o，在目前光标所在行的下一行处插入新的一行并开始插入 
【O】 英文大写字母O，在目前光标所在行的上一行处插入新的一行并开始插入 
:wq保存退出

11、查看

[root@localhost Desktop]# ls /data*
/data15:
lost+found

重复以上操作，对sdb1进行挂载

[root@localhost Desktop]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131648 inodes, 526120 blocks
26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216
17 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7744 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
    32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 22 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.


[root@localhost Desktop]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data5


[root@localhost Desktop]# df -TH /data5/
Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1      ext3  2.2G   71M  2.0G   4% /data5
[root@localhost Desktop]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls /data*
/data15:
lost+found

/data5:
lost+found
[root@localhost Desktop]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2        18G  4.0G   13G  24% /
tmpfs           491M  372K  491M   1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1       291M   34M  242M  13% /boot
/dev/sdb5       2.0G   68M  1.9G   4% /data15
/dev/sdb1       2.0G   68M  1.9G   4% /data5

同上，又创建了一个逻辑分区

[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/sdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   l   logical (5 or over)
   p   primary partition (1-4)
l
First cylinder (525-785, default 525): 
Using default value 525
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (525-785, default 785): 4G
Value out of range.
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (525-785, default 785): 3G
Value out of range.
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (525-785, default 785): 1G
Value out of range.
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (525-785, default 785): 
Using default value 785

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x1949791c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         262     2104483+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb4             263         785     4200997+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5             263         524     2104483+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb6             525         785     2096451   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

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