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我们大家都知道,当koa接到请求经过中间件时,当执行到 yield next
语句时,Koa 暂停了该中间件,继续执行下一个符合请求的中间件('downstrem'),然后控制权再逐级返回给上层中间件('upstream')。我们下面分析其原理。
一、中间件级联
当我们使用app.use()注册中间件时,它只是将各个中间件压进一个队列,但是这些中间件又是怎么级联的呢?
/** * Expose compositor. */ module.exports = compose; /** * Compose `middleware` returning * a fully valid middleware comprised * of all those which are passed. * * @param {Array} middleware * @return {Function} * @api public */
/**
* middleware为中间件数组
* compose函数将中间件数组中的中间件级联起来
*/ function compose(middleware){ return function *(next){
//noop()返回一个空的generator对象 if (!next) next = noop(); var i = middleware.length;
// 将后一个中间件generator对象当做参数传递给前一个中间件
// 最后next为第一个generator对象 while (i--) { next = middleware[i].call(this, next); }
// 最后用yield*将next generator对象引进来 return yield *next; } } /** * Noop. * * @api private */ function *noop(){}
看了上述代码和注释大家应该明白了,原来koa中的中间件是通过generator对象参数传递的方式级联的。下面我们研究他们的执行过程。
二、执行过程
1.大致过程
// 创建server并监听端口 app.listen = function(){ debug('listen'); var server = http.createServer(this.callback()); return server.listen.apply(server, arguments); }; app.callback = function(){ if (this.experimental) { console.error('Experimental ES7 Async Function support is deprecated. Please look into Koa v2 as the middleware signature has changed.') } var fn = this.experimental ? compose_es7(this.middleware) : co.wrap(compose(this.middleware));//这里就是我们上面讲的compose()函数 var self = this; if (!this.listeners('error').length) this.on('error', this.onerror); return function(req, res){ res.statusCode = 404; var ctx = self.createContext(req, res); onFinished(res, ctx.onerror); fn.call(ctx).then(function () { respond.call(ctx); }).catch(ctx.onerror); } };
2.co.wrap()
co.wrap = function (fn) { createPromise.__generatorFunction__ = fn; return createPromise; function createPromise() { return co.call(this, fn.apply(this, arguments)); } };
这里相当于调用了co()方法,把我们之前的compose()函数返回的结果函数作为参数传给了它。
3.co()——逆向执行关键
/** * slice() reference. */ var slice = Array.prototype.slice; /** * Expose `co`. */ module.exports = co['default'] = co.co = co; /** * Wrap the given generator `fn` into a * function that returns a promise. * This is a separate function so that * every `co()` call doesn't create a new, * unnecessary closure. * * @param {GeneratorFunction} fn * @return {Function} * @api public */ co.wrap = function (fn) { createPromise.__generatorFunction__ = fn; return createPromise; function createPromise() { return co.call(this, fn.apply(this, arguments)); } }; /** * Execute the generator function or a generator * and return a promise. * * @param {Function} fn * @return {Promise} * @api public */ function co(gen) { var ctx = this; var args = slice.call(arguments, 1); // we wrap everything in a promise to avoid promise chaining, // which leads to memory leak errors. // see https://github.com/tj/co/issues/180 //返回promise return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { if (typeof gen === 'function') gen = gen.apply(ctx, args); if (!gen || typeof gen.next !== 'function') return resolve(gen); onFulfilled(); /** * @param {Mixed} res * @return {Promise} * @api private */ // promise成功时调用 // 调用resolve()时执行 function onFulfilled(res) { var ret; try { // 调用gen.next,到达一个yield ret = gen.next(res); } catch (e) { return reject(e); } // 将gen.next()返回值传入next()函数 next(ret); return null; } /** * @param {Error} err * @return {Promise} * @api private */ function onRejected(err) { var ret; try { ret = gen.throw(err); } catch (e) { return reject(e); } next(ret); } /** * Get the next value in the generator, * return a promise. * * @param {Object} ret * @return {Promise} * @api private */ function next(ret) { // 如果generator函数执行完毕,调用resolve,执行上述fullfilled函数 // 并将ret.value传入 if (ret.done) return resolve(ret.value); // 将ret.value转换成promise // 转换函数在下面 var value = toPromise.call(ctx, ret.value); // 监听promise的成功/失败 if (value && isPromise(value)) return value.then(onFulfilled, onRejected); return onRejected(new TypeError('You may only yield a function, promise, generator, array, or object, ' + 'but the following object was passed: "' + String(ret.value) + '"')); } }); } /** * Convert a `yield`ed value into a promise. * * @param {Mixed} obj * @return {Promise} * @api private */ function toPromise(obj) { if (!obj) return obj; if (isPromise(obj)) return obj; if (isGeneratorFunction(obj) || isGenerator(obj)) return co.call(this, obj); if ('function' == typeof obj) return thunkToPromise.call(this, obj); if (Array.isArray(obj)) return arrayToPromise.call(this, obj); if (isObject(obj)) return objectToPromise.call(this, obj); return obj; } /** * Convert a thunk to a promise. * * @param {Function} * @return {Promise} * @api private */ function thunkToPromise(fn) { var ctx = this; return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { fn.call(ctx, function (err, res) { if (err) return reject(err); if (arguments.length > 2) res = slice.call(arguments, 1); resolve(res); }); }); } /** * Convert an array of "yieldables" to a promise. * Uses `Promise.all()` internally. * * @param {Array} obj * @return {Promise} * @api private */ function arrayToPromise(obj) { return Promise.all(obj.map(toPromise, this)); } /** * Convert an object of "yieldables" to a promise. * Uses `Promise.all()` internally. * * @param {Object} obj * @return {Promise} * @api private */ function objectToPromise(obj){ var results = new obj.constructor(); var keys = Object.keys(obj); var promises = []; for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) { var key = keys[i]; var promise = toPromise.call(this, obj[key]); if (promise && isPromise(promise)) defer(promise, key); else results[key] = obj[key]; } return Promise.all(promises).then(function () { return results; }); function defer(promise, key) { // predefine the key in the result results[key] = undefined; promises.push(promise.then(function (res) { results[key] = res; })); } } /** * Check if `obj` is a promise. * * @param {Object} obj * @return {Boolean} * @api private */ function isPromise(obj) { return 'function' == typeof obj.then; } /** * Check if `obj` is a generator. * * @param {Mixed} obj * @return {Boolean} * @api private */ function isGenerator(obj) { return 'function' == typeof obj.next && 'function' == typeof obj.throw; } /** * Check if `obj` is a generator function. * * @param {Mixed} obj * @return {Boolean} * @api private */ function isGeneratorFunction(obj) { var constructor = obj.constructor; if (!constructor) return false; if ('GeneratorFunction' === constructor.name || 'GeneratorFunction' === constructor.displayName) return true; return isGenerator(constructor.prototype); } /** * Check for plain object. * * @param {Mixed} val * @return {Boolean} * @api private */ function isObject(val) { return Object == val.constructor; }
注意,我们在写每个中间件时,实际都有yield next;onFulfilled
这个函数只在两种情况下被调用,一种是调用co的时候执行,还有一种是当前promise中的所有逻辑都执行完毕后执行
这里我们传入的fn是一个generator对象,根据上述转换函数,将会继续调用co()函数,执行next()时,我们传入的参数ret.val是下一个中间件的generator对象,所以继续调用co()函数,如此递归的执行下去;当到最后一个中间件时,执行完成后,ret.done==true,会再次调用resolve,返回到上一层中间件。
这个过程其实就是递归调用的过程。