• MySQL主主复制+LVS+Keepalived实现MySQL高可用性


    MySQL复制能够保证数据的冗余的同时可以做读写分离来分担系统压力,如果是主主复制还可以很好的避免主节点的单点故障。但是MySQL主主复制存在一些问题无法满足我们的实际需要:未提供统一访问入口来实现负载均衡,如果其中master宕掉的话需要手动切换到另外一个master,而不能自动进行切换。

    这篇文章下面要介绍如何通过LVS+Keepalived的方式来是实现MySQL的高可用性,同时解决以上问题。

    Keepalived和LVS介绍

    Keepalived 是一个基于 VRRP (虚拟路由冗余协议)可用来实现服务高可用性的软件方案,避免出现单点故障。Keepalived一般用来实现轻量级高可用性,且不需要共享存储,一般用于两个节点之间,常见有LVS+Keepalived、Nginx+Keepalived组合。

    LVS (Linux Virtual Server)是一个高可用性虚拟的服务器集群系统。本项目在1998年5月由章文嵩博士成立,是中国国内最早出现的自由软件项目之一。

    LVS主要用于多服务器的负载均衡,作用于网络层。LVS构建的服务器集群系统中,前端的负载均衡层被称为Director Server;后端提供服务的服务器组层被称为Real Server。通过下图可以大致了解LVS的基础架构。

    LVS有三种工作模式,分别是DR(Direct Routing 直接路由)、TUN(Tunneling IP隧道)、NAT(Network Address Translation 网络地址转换)。其中TUN模式能够支持更多的Real Server,但需要所有服务器支持IP隧道协议;DR也可以支持相当的Real Server,但需要保证Director Server虚拟网卡与物理网卡在同一网段;NAT扩展性有限,无法支持更多的Real Server,因为所有的请求包和应答包都需要Director Server进行解析再生,影响效率。 同时,LVS负载均衡有10中调度算法,分别是rr、wrr、lc、wlc、lblc、lblcr、dh、sh、sed、nq

    详细的LVS说明请参见传送门

    本文中将利用LVS实现MySQL的读写负载均衡,Keepalived避免节点出现单点故障。

    LVS+Keepalived配置

    环境准备

    LVS1:192.168.1.2

    LVS2:192.168.1.11

    MySQL Server1:192.168.1.5

    MySQL Server2:192.168.1.6

    VIP:192.168.1.100

    OS: CentOS 6.4

    Keepalive安装

    keepalived下载地址

    需要安装以下软件包

    # yum install -y kernel-devel openssl openssl-devel

    解压keepalived到/usr/local/并进入目录执行配置编译

    # ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-431.5.1.el6.x86_64/
    Keepalived configuration
    ------------------------
    Keepalived version       : 1.2.13
    Compiler                 : gcc
    Compiler flags           : -g -O2
    Extra Lib                : -lssl -lcrypto -lcrypt 
    Use IPVS Framework       : Yes
    IPVS sync daemon support : Yes
    IPVS use libnl           : No
    fwmark socket support    : Yes
    Use VRRP Framework       : Yes
    Use VRRP VMAC            : Yes
    SNMP support             : No
    SHA1 support             : No
    Use Debug flags          : No
    
    # make && make install

    默认情况下keepalived启动时会去/etc/keepalived目录下找配置文件,将需要的配置文件拷贝到指定位置

    # cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/rc.d/init.d/keepalived /etc/rc.d/init.d/
    # cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig/
    # cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/
    # cp /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin/
    # chkconfig mysqld on
    # chkconfig keepalived on

    LVS安装

    ipvsadm下载地址

    需要安装以下软件包

    # yum install -y libnl* popt*

    查看是否加载lvs模块

    # modprobe -l |grep ipvs

    解压安装

    # ln -s /usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-431.5.1.el6.x86_64/ /usr/src/linux
    # tar -zxvf ipvsadm-1.26.tar.gz
    # make && make install

    LVS安装完成,查看当前LVS集群

    # ipvsadm -L -n
    IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
    Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
    -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn

    LVS+Keepalived配置

    搭建MySQL主主复制

    这里不再赘述,请参考MySQL复制

    配置Keepalived

    下面是LVS1节点(Keepalived主节点)上的Keepalived配置,LVS2类似

    # vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf    
    
    ! Configuration File for keepalived
    
    global_defs {
       router_id LVS1
    }
    
    vrrp_instance VI_1 {
        state MASTER #指定instance初始状态,实际根据优先级决定.backup节点不一样
        interface eth0 #虚拟IP所在网
        virtual_router_id 51 #VRID,相同VRID为一个组,决定多播MAC地址
        priority 100 #优先级,另一台改为90.backup节点不一样
        advert_int 1  #检查间隔
        authentication {
            auth_type PASS  #认证方式,可以是pass或ha
            auth_pass 1111  #认证密码
        }
        virtual_ipaddress {
            192.168.1.100  #VIP
        }
    }
    
    virtual_server 192.168.1.100 3306 {
        delay_loop 6  #服务轮询的时间间隔
        lb_algo wrr  #加权轮询调度,LVS调度算法 rr|wrr|lc|wlc|lblc|sh|sh
        lb_kind DR   #LVS集群模式 NAT|DR|TUN,其中DR模式要求负载均衡器网卡必须有一块与物理网卡在同一个网段
        #nat_mask 255.255.255.0
        persistence_timeout 50  #会话保持时间
        protocol TCP  #健康检查协议
    
         ## Real Server设置,3306就是MySQL连接端口
        real_server 192.168.1.5 3306 {
            weight 3  ##权重
            TCP_CHECK {
                connect_timeout 3
                nb_get_retry 3
                delay_before_retry 3
                connect_port 3306
            }
        }
        real_server 192.168.1.6 3306 {
            weight 3
            TCP_CHECK {
                connect_timeout 3
                nb_get_retry 3
                delay_before_retry 3
                connect_port 3306
            }
        }
    }

    配置LVS

    编写LVS启动脚本/etc/init.d/realserver

    #!/bin/sh
    VIP=192.168.1.100
    . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
    
    case "$1" in
    # 禁用本地的ARP请求、绑定本地回环地址
    start)
        /sbin/ifconfig lo down
        /sbin/ifconfig lo up
        echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore
        echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce
        echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore
        echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce
        /sbin/sysctl -p >/dev/null 2>&1
        /sbin/ifconfig lo:0 $VIP netmask 255.255.255.255 up #在回环地址上绑定VIP,设定掩码,与Direct Server(自身)上的IP保持通信
        /sbin/route add -host $VIP dev lo:0
        echo "LVS-DR real server starts successfully.
    "
        ;;
    stop)
        /sbin/ifconfig lo:0 down
        /sbin/route del $VIP >/dev/null 2>&1
        echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore
        echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce
        echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore
        echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce
    echo "LVS-DR real server stopped.
    "
        ;;
    status)
        isLoOn=`/sbin/ifconfig lo:0 | grep "$VIP"`
        isRoOn=`/bin/netstat -rn | grep "$VIP"`
        if [ "$isLoON" == "" -a "$isRoOn" == "" ]; then
            echo "LVS-DR real server has run yet."
        else
            echo "LVS-DR real server is running."
        fi
        exit 3
        ;;
    *)
        echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|status}"
        exit 1
    esac
    exit 0

    将lvs脚本加入开机自启动

    # chmod +x /etc/init.d/realserver
    # echo "/etc/init.d/realserver" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local

    分别启动LVS和keepalived

    # service realserver start
    # service keepalived start

    注意此时网卡的变化,可以看到虚拟网卡已经分配到了realserver上。

    此时查看LVS集群状态,可以看到集群下有两个Real Server,调度算法,权重等信息。ActiveConn代表当前Real Server的活跃连接数

    # ipvsadm -ln
    IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
    Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
      -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
    TCP  192.168.1.100:3306 wrr persistent 50
      -> 192.168.1.5:3306             Route   3      4          1         
      -> 192.168.1.6:3306             Route   3      0          2

    此时LVS+Keepalived+MySQL主主复制已经搭建完成。

    测试验证

    功能性验证

    关闭MySQL Server2

    # service mysqld stop

    在LVS1查看/var/log/messages中关于keepalived日志,LVS1检测到了MySQL Server2宕机,同时LVS集群自动剔除了故障节点

    Sep  9 13:50:53 192.168.1.2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[18797]: TCP connection to [192.168.1.6]:3306 failed !!!
    Sep  9 13:50:53 192.168.1.2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[18797]: Removing service [192.168.1.6]:3306 from VS [192.168.1.100]:3306

    从新启动MySQL Server2后自动将故障节点自动加入LVS集群

    Sep  9 13:51:41 192.168.1.2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[18797]: TCP connection to [192.168.1.6]:3306 success.
    Sep  9 13:51:41 192.168.1.2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[18797]: Adding service [192.168.1.6]:3306 to VS [192.168.1.100]:3306

    关闭LVS1上的Keepalived(模拟宕机操作),查看LVS1上的日志,可以看到Keepalived移出了LVS1上的VIP

    Sep  9 14:01:27 192.168.1.2 Keepalived[18796]: Stopping Keepalived v1.2.13 (09/09,2014)
    Sep  9 14:01:27 192.168.1.2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[18797]: Removing service [192.168.1.5]:3306 from VS [192.168.1.100]:3306
    Sep  9 14:01:27 192.168.1.2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[18797]: Removing service [192.168.1.6]:3306 from VS [192.168.1.100]:3306
    Sep  9 14:01:27 192.168.1.2 Keepalived_vrrp[18799]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) sending 0 priority
    Sep  9 14:01:27 192.168.1.2 Keepalived_vrrp[18799]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) removing protocol VIPs.

    同时查看LVS2上日志,可以看到LVS2成为了Master,并接管了VIP

    Sep  9 14:11:24 192.168.1.11 Keepalived_vrrp[7457]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Transition to MASTER STATE
    Sep  9 14:11:25 192.168.1.11 Keepalived_vrrp[7457]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering MASTER STATE
    Sep  9 14:11:25 192.168.1.11 Keepalived_vrrp[7457]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) setting protocol VIPs.
    Sep  9 14:11:25 192.168.1.11 Keepalived_vrrp[7457]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 192.168.1.100
    Sep  9 14:11:25 192.168.1.11 Keepalived_healthcheckers[7456]: Netlink reflector reports IP 192.168.1.100 added
    Sep  9 14:11:25 192.168.1.11 avahi-daemon[1407]: Registering new address record for 192.168.1.100 on eth0.IPv4.
    Sep  9 14:11:30 192.168.1.11 Keepalived_vrrp[7457]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 192.168.1.100

    在LVS2上查看LVS集群状态,一切正常。

    # ipvsadm -ln
    IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
    Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
      -> RemoteAddress:Port           Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
    TCP  192.168.1.100:3306 wrr persistent 50
      -> 192.168.1.5:3306             Route   3      2          0         
      -> 192.168.1.6:3306             Route   3      1          0

    总结

    • MySQL主主复制是集群的基础,组成Server Array,其中每个节点作为Real Server。
    • LVS服务器提供了负载均衡的作用,将用户请求分发到Real Server,一台Real Server故障并不会影响整个集群的。
    • Keepalived搭建主备LVS服务器,避免了LVS服务器的单点故障,出现故障时可以自动切换到正常的节点。
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/sessionbest/p/9074962.html
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