1.whatis 简单介绍命令的作用
1.1 使用方法
[root@test6 ~]# whatis whatis whatis (1) - search the whatis database for complete words [root@test6 ~]# whatis ls ls (1) //man手册中页数 - list directory contents ls (1p) - list directory contents
1.2 如果没安装可以使用 makewhatis 安装
2. --help 简单介绍最常用的参数
2.1 使用方法
[root@test6 ~]# ls --help 用法：ls [选项]... [文件]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. 长选项必须用的参数在使用短选项时也是必须的。 -a, --all 不隐藏任何以 . 字符开始的项目 -A, --almost-all 列出除了 . 及 .. 以外的任何项目 --author 和 -l 同时使用时列出每个文件的作者 -b, --escape 以八进制溢出序列表示不可打印的字符 --block-size=大小 块以指定<大小>的字节为单位 -B, --ignore-backups 不列出任何以 ~ 字符结束的项目 -c 配合 -lt：根据 ctime 排序及显示 ctime (文件 状态最后更改的时间) 配合 -l：显示 ctime 但根据名称排序 否则：根据 ctime 排序 -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto' -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -g like -l, but do not list owner -G, --no-group like -l, but do not list group -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode with -l, print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K -l 使用较长格式列出信息 -L, --dereference 当显示符号链接的文件信息时，显示符号链接所指示 的对象而并非符号链接本身的信息 -m 所有项目以逗号分隔，并填满整行行宽 -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --hide-control-chars 以 ? 字符代替无法打印的字符 --show-control-chars 直接显示无法打印的字符 (这是默认方式，除非调用 的程序名称是“ls”而且是在终端机画面输出结果) -Q, --quote-name 将项目名称括上双引号 --quoting-style=方式 使用指定的 quoting <方式>显示项目的名称： literal、locale、shell、shell-always、c、escape -r, --reverse 逆序排序 -R, --recursive 递归列出所有子目录 -s, --size 和 -l 同时使用时以块为单位列出每个文件的大小 -S 根据文件大小排序 --sort=WORD 以下是可选用的 WORD 和它们代表的相应选项： extension -X status -c none -U time -t size -S atime -u time -t access -u version -v use -u --time=WORD 和 -l 同时使用时显示 WORD 所代表的时间而非修改时 间：atime、access、use、ctime 或 status；加上 --sort=time 选项时会以指定时间作为排序关键字 --time-style=STYLE 和 -l 同时使用时根据 STYLE 代表的格式显示时间： full-iso、iso、locale、posix-iso、+FORMAT。 FORMAT 即是“date”所用的时间格式；如果 FORMAT 是 FORMAT1<新行>FORMAT2，FORMAT1 适用于较旧 的文件而 FORMAT2 适用于较新的文件；如果 STYLE 以“posix-”开头，则 STYLE 仅在 POSIX 语系之外 生效。 -t 根据修改时间排序 -T, --tabsize=宽度 自行指定 tab 的<宽度>，而非 8 个字符 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order. In combination with one_per_line format `-1', it will show files immediately and it has no memory limitations. -v sort by version -w, --width=COLS 自行指定萤幕宽度而不使用目前的数值 -x 逐行列出项目而不是逐栏列出 -X 根据扩展名排序 -1 每行只列出一个文件 SELinux options: --lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most displays. -Z, --context Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays only mode, user, group, security context and file name. --scontext Display only security context and file name. --help 显示此帮助信息并退出 --version 输出版本信息并退出 [大小]可以是以下的单位(单位前可加上整数)： kB 1000，K 1024，MB 1000000，M 1048576，还有 G、T、P、E、Z、Y。 By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command. Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble. 请向 <bug-coreutils@gnu.org> 报告错误。
3. man 手册 manual pages
3.1常用使用方法
3.1.1 man 命令 也可在man 后边加数字，代表查看具体的哪一页 如：man 5 passwd 查看passwd man 手册的第五页
[root@test6 ~]# man ls Cannot open the message catalog "man" for locale "zh_CN.UTF-8" (NLSPATH="<none>") Formatting page, please wait... LS(1) User Commands LS(1) NAME ls - list directory contents SYNOPSIS ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... DESCRIPTION List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN may be ‘never’, ‘always’, or ‘auto’ -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not derefer- ence symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs’ dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append ‘*’ --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -g like -l, but do not list owner -G, --no-group like -l, but do not list group -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a direc- tory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode with -l, print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa- tion for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don’t treat e.g. control characters spe- cially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is ‘ls’ and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size with -l, print size of each file, in blocks -S sort by file size --sort=WORD extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v, status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like ‘date’; if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with ‘posix-’, STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order. In combination with one_per_line format ‘-1’, it will show files immediately and it has no memory limitations. -v sort by version -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -1 list one file per line SELinux options: --lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines will probably be too wide for most displays. -Z, --context Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays only mode, user, group, security context and file name. --scontext Display only security context and file name. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of fol- lowing: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is con- nected to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command. Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble. AUTHOR Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie. REPORTING BUGS Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the terms of the GNU General Public License <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. SEE ALSO The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com- mand info ls should give you access to the complete manual. ls 5.97 February 2010 LS(1) (END) optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With --color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is con- nected to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command. Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble. AUTHOR Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie. REPORTING BUGS Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the terms of the GNU General Public License <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. SEE ALSO The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com- mand info ls should give you access to the complete manual. ls 5.97 February 2010 LS(1) ~ ~
3.1.2 man 配置文件 这些配置文件模板，大多在 /usr/share/doc 目录下，里面每一个目录都是一个软件帮助文档。
[root@test6 ~]# man /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf