• EOSIO开发区块链DApp之智能合约


    这是一步步的用EOSIO开发区块链DApp的第二部分,这部分将主要是为EOSIO平台开发智能合约。

    示例智能合约的目的是模拟选举。我创建了一个EOSIO用户来托管智能合约。创建了两个公民用户来投票给候选人。投票记录保存在EOSIO区块链中。在此示例中,所有操作都在命令模式下运行。让我们开始吧。

    开发智能合约

    EOSIO执行以WebAssembly标准开发的智能合约。所以我用C++开发了选举智能合约。以下是election.cpp的完整源代码:

    #include <eosiolib/eosio.hpp>
    
    using namespace eosio;
    
    class election : public contract
    {
    private:
      // create the multi index tables to store the data
    
      /// @abi table
      struct candidate {
        uint64_t _key;       // primary key
        std::string _name;   // candidate name
        uint32_t _count = 0; // voted count
    
        uint64_t primary_key() const { return _key; }
      };
      typedef eosio::multi_index<N(candidate), candidate> candidates;
    
      /// @abi table
      struct voter {
        uint64_t _key;
        uint64_t _candidate_key; // name of poll
        account_name _account;   // this account has voted, avoid duplicate voter
    
        uint64_t primary_key() const { return _key; }
        uint64_t candidate_key() const { return _candidate_key; }
      };
      typedef eosio::multi_index<N(voter), voter, indexed_by<N(_candidate_key), const_mem_fun<voter, uint64_t, &voter::candidate_key>>> voters;
    
      // local instances of the multi indexes
      candidates _candidates;
      voters _voters;
      uint64_t _candidates_count;
    
    public:
      election(account_name s) : contract(s), _candidates(s, s), _voters(s, s), _candidates_count(0) {}
    
      // public methods exposed via the ABI
      // on candidates
    
      /// @abi action
      void version() {
        print("Election Smart Contract version 0.0.1
    ");
      };
    
      /// @abi action
      void addc(std::string name) {
        print("Adding candidate ", name, "
    ");
    
        uint64_t key = _candidates.available_primary_key();
    
        // update the table to include a new candidate
        _candidates.emplace(get_self(), [&](auto &p) {
          p._key = key;
          p._name = name;
          p._count = 0;
        });
    
        print("Candidate added successfully. candidate_key = ", key, "
    ");
      };
    
      /// @abi action
      void reset() {
        // Get all keys of _candidates
        std::vector<uint64_t> keysForDeletion;
        for (auto &itr : _candidates) {
          keysForDeletion.push_back(itr.primary_key());
        }
    
        // now delete each item for that poll
        for (uint64_t key : keysForDeletion) {
          auto itr = _candidates.find(key);
          if (itr != _candidates.end()) {
            _candidates.erase(itr);
          }
        }
    
        // Get all keys of _voters
        keysForDeletion.empty();
        for (auto &itr : _voters) {
          keysForDeletion.push_back(itr.primary_key());
        }
    
        // now delete each item for that poll
        for (uint64_t key : keysForDeletion) {
          auto itr = _voters.find(key);
          if (itr != _voters.end()) {
            _voters.erase(itr);
          }
        }
    
        print("candidates and voters reset successfully.
    ");
      };
    
      /// @abi action
      void results() {
        print("Start listing voted results
    ");
        for (auto& item : _candidates) {
          print("Candidate ", item._name, " has voted count: ", item._count, "
    ");
        }
      };
    
      /// @abi action
      void vote(account_name s, uint64_t candidate_key) {
        require_auth(s);
    
        bool found = false;
    
        // Did the voter vote before?
        for (auto& item : _voters) {
          if (item._account == s) {
            found = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        eosio_assert(!found, "You're voted already!");
    
        // Findout the candidate by id
        std::vector<uint64_t> keysForModify;
        for (auto& item : _candidates) {
          if (item.primary_key() == candidate_key) {
            keysForModify.push_back(item.primary_key());
            break;
          }
        }
    
        if (keysForModify.size() == 0) {
          eosio_assert(found, "Invalid candidate id!");
          return;
        }
    
        // Update the voted count inside the candidate
        for (uint64_t key : keysForModify) {
          auto itr = _candidates.find(key);
          auto candidate = _candidates.get(key);
          if (itr != _candidates.end()) {
            _candidates.modify(itr, get_self(), [&](auto& p) {
              p._count++;
            });
    
            print("Voted candidate: ", candidate._name, " successfully
    ");
          }
        }
    
        // Add this user to voters array
        _voters.emplace(get_self(), [&](auto& p) {
          p._key = _voters.available_primary_key();
          p._candidate_key = candidate_key;
          p._account = s;
        });
      };
    };
    
    EOSIO_ABI(election, (version)(reset)(addc)(results)(vote))
    

    注意最后一行EOSIO_ABI()是一个宏语句,用于自动生成ABI文件而不是手动编写。ABI文件用于定义提交动作处理程序。这告诉了EOSIO智能合约中处理程序的定义。

    EOSIO为我们提供了多索引数据库API,可以将数据保存到区块链中。在上面的选举智能合约中,我定义了两个multi_index(类似于SQL表):候选人和选民。实际上是两个数组存储两个结构:候选者和选民。我使用C++ STL来操作multi_index,例如addupdatedelete

    请注意,两个结构在开头标有/// @abi table。这是告诉EOSIO abi生成器在election.abi文件中生成ABI表。这很方便。

    编译选举智能合约:

    $ eosiocpp -o election.wast election.cpp
    

    分别生成WAST和WASM文件。但这对EOSIO来说还不够。我们还需要生成ABI文件:

    $ eosiocpp -g election.abi election.cpp
    

    Visual Studio Code的可选文件

    为了增强开发体验,我为Visual Studio Code(VSCode)创建了一个属性文件c_cpp_properties.json,告诉它如何查找头文件。该文件需要存储在.vscode目录中,如下所示:

    .vscode/c_cpp_properties文件内容如下:

    {
      "configurations": [
        {
          "name": "Linux",
          "includePath": [
            "${workspaceFolder}/**",
            "~/eos/contracts",
            "~/opt/boost/include"
          ],
          "defines": [],
          "compilerPath": "/usr/bin/clang++-4.0",
          "cStandard": "c11",
          "cppStandard": "c++17",
          "intelliSenseMode": "clang-x64"
        }
      ],
      "version": 4
    }
    

    启动EOSIO

    一直在使用配置良好的虚拟机(在第1部分中提到)。要启动单节点Testnet服务器:

    $ nodeos -e -p eosio --plugin eosio::wallet_api_plugin --plugin eosio::chain_api_plugin --plugin eosio::history_api_plugin --access-control-allow-origin=* --contracts-console
    

    单击此处获取nodeos参数的更多信息。

    创建帐户

    下一个任务是解锁默认钱包。EOSIO将密钥对存储在钱包中。每次服务器重启或每15分钟需要解锁一次。解锁钱包:

    $ cleos wallet unlock --password ${wallet_password}
    

    我们需要分别创建一个所有者密钥对和活动密钥对。然后将该私钥导入钱包。键入以下命令:

    $ cleos create key # Create an owner key
    $ cleos create key # Create an active key
    $ cleos wallet import ${private_owner_key}
    $ cleos wallet import ${private_active_key}
    

    不要忘记在某个地方记录这些密钥对。

    接下来的任务是创建一个新的帐户来保存选举智能合约。 键入以下命令:

    $ cleos create account eosio election ${public_owner_key} ${public_active_key}
    

    此外,为投票模拟创建两个公民:

    $ cleos create account eosio voter1 ${public_owner_key} ${public_active_key}
    $ cleos create account eosio voter2 ${public_owner_key} ${public_active_key}
    

    部署智能合约

    输入以下命令上传选举智能合约:

    $ cleos set contract election ../election -p election
    

    结果类似下图:

    运行智能合约

    我们可以尝试运行合约。

    1.运行version操作

    $ cleos push action election version '' -p election
    

    我们可以从nodeos检查控制台输出:

    2.增加选举候选人

    $ cleos push action election addc '["Hillary Clinton"]' -p election
    $ cleos push action election addc '["Donald J. Trump"]' -p election
    

    3.显示存储在区块链中的候选数据库

    $ cleos get table election election candidate
    

    结果如图所示:

    4.模拟投票(两位选民都被投票给唐纳德·J·特朗普)

    $ cleos push action election vote '["voter1", 1]' -p voter1
    $ cleos push action election vote '["voter2", 1]' -p voter2
    

    如果voter1再次投票:

    $ cleos push action election vote '["voter1", 0]' -p voter1
    

    EOSIO 将返回一个例外:

    5.查看投票结果

    $ cleos get table election election candidate
    

    如你所见,候选人“Donald J. Trump”的投票数为2.这意味着选举智能合约正在工作!

    这就是EOS开发dapp的第二部分。安利个EOS智能合约与DApp开发入门:http://t.cn/Rgs1kbm

    在下一部分中,我将创建一个Web应用程序,用于演示Web访问者和区块链之间的交互。

    源代码在这里github repo

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/malakashi/p/9617491.html
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