1、在元类中控制把自定义类的数据属性都变成大写
class Mymetaclass(type):
def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs):
update_attrs={}
for k,v in attrs.items():
if not callable(v) and not k.startswith('__'):
update_attrs[k.upper()]=v
else:
update_attrs[k]=v
return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,update_attrs)
class Chinese(metaclass=Mymetaclass):
country='China'
tag='Legend of the Dragon' #龙的传人
def walk(self):
print('%s is walking' %self.name)
print(Chinese.__dict__)
'''
{'__module__': '__main__',
'COUNTRY': 'China',
'TAG': 'Legend of the Dragon',
'walk': <function Chinese.walk at 0x0000000001E7B950>,
'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Chinese' objects>,
'__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Chinese' objects>,
'__doc__': None}
'''
2、在元类中控制自定义的类无需__init__方法
1.元类帮其完成创建对象,以及初始化操作;
2.要求实例化时传参必须为关键字形式,否则抛出异常TypeError: must use keyword argument
3.key作为用户自定义类产生对象的属性,且所有属性变成大写
class Mymetaclass(type):
# def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs):
# update_attrs={}
# for k,v in attrs.items():
# if not callable(v) and not k.startswith('__'):
# update_attrs[k.upper()]=v
# else:
# update_attrs[k]=v
# return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,update_attrs)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
if args:
raise TypeError('must use keyword argument for key function')
obj = object.__new__(self) #创建对象,self为类Foo
for k,v in kwargs.items():
obj.__dict__[k.upper()]=v
return obj
class Chinese(metaclass=Mymetaclass):
country='China'
tag='Legend of the Dragon' #龙的传人
def walk(self):
print('%s is walking' %self.name)
p=Chinese(name='lili',age=18,sex='male')
print(p.__dict__)
3、在元类中控制自定义的类产生的对象相关的属性全部为隐藏属性
class Mymeta(type):
def __init__(self,class_name,class_bases,class_dic):
#控制类Foo的创建
super(Mymeta,self).__init__(class_name,class_bases,class_dic)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
#控制Foo的调用过程,即Foo对象的产生过程
obj = self.__new__(self)
self.__init__(obj, *args, **kwargs)
obj.__dict__={'_%s__%s' %(self.__name__,k):v for k,v in obj.__dict__.items()}
return obj
class Foo(object,metaclass=Mymeta): # Foo=Mymeta(...)
def __init__(self, name, age,sex):
self.name=name
self.age=age
self.sex=sex
obj=Foo('lili',18,'male')
print(obj.__dict__)
4、基于元类实现单例模式
#步骤五:基于元类实现单例模式
# 单例:即单个实例,指的是同一个类实例化多次的结果指向同一个对象,用于节省内存空间
# 如果我们从配置文件中读取配置来进行实例化,在配置相同的情况下,就没必要重复产生对象浪费内存了
#settings.py文件内容如下
HOST='1.1.1.1'
PORT=3306
#方式一:定义一个类方法实现单例模式
import settings
class Mysql:
__instance=None
def __init__(self,host,port):
self.host=host
self.port=port
@classmethod
def singleton(cls):
if not cls.__instance:
cls.__instance=cls(settings.HOST,settings.PORT)
return cls.__instance
obj1=Mysql('1.1.1.2',3306)
obj2=Mysql('1.1.1.3',3307)
print(obj1 is obj2) #False
obj3=Mysql.singleton()
obj4=Mysql.singleton()
print(obj3 is obj4) #True
#方式二:定制元类实现单例模式
import settings
class Mymeta(type):
def __init__(self,name,bases,dic): #定义类Mysql时就触发
# 事先先从配置文件中取配置来造一个Mysql的实例出来
self.__instance = object.__new__(self) # 产生对象
self.__init__(self.__instance, settings.HOST, settings.PORT) # 初始化对象
# 上述两步可以合成下面一步
# self.__instance=super().__call__(*args,**kwargs)
super().__init__(name,bases,dic)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): #Mysql(...)时触发
if args or kwargs: # args或kwargs内有值
obj=object.__new__(self)
self.__init__(obj,*args,**kwargs)
return obj
return self.__instance
class Mysql(metaclass=Mymeta):
def __init__(self,host,port):
self.host=host
self.port=port
obj1=Mysql() # 没有传值则默认从配置文件中读配置来实例化,所有的实例应该指向一个内存地址
obj2=Mysql()
obj3=Mysql()
print(obj1 is obj2 is obj3)
obj4=Mysql('1.1.1.4',3307)
#方式三:定义一个装饰器实现单例模式
import settings
def singleton(cls): #cls=Mysql
_instance=cls(settings.HOST,settings.PORT)
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
if args or kwargs:
obj=cls(*args,**kwargs)
return obj
return _instance
return wrapper
@singleton # Mysql=singleton(Mysql)
class Mysql:
def __init__(self,host,port):
self.host=host
self.port=port
obj1=Mysql()
obj2=Mysql()
obj3=Mysql()
print(obj1 is obj2 is obj3) #True
obj4=Mysql('1.1.1.3',3307)
obj5=Mysql('1.1.1.4',3308)
print(obj3 is obj4) #False