单例模式

Method 1: A decorator

def singleton(class_):
    instances = {}
    def getinstance(*args, **kwargs):
        if class_ not in instances:
            instances[class_] = class_(*args, **kwargs)
        return instances[class_]
    return getinstance

@singleton
class MyClass(BaseClass):
    pass

---

Method 2: A base class

class Singleton(object):
    _instance = None
    def __new__(class_, *args, **kwargs):
        if not isinstance(class_._instance, class_):
            class_._instance = object.__new__(class_, *args, **kwargs)
        return class_._instance

class MyClass(Singleton, BaseClass):
    pass

---

Method 3: A metaclass

class Singleton(type):
    _instances = {}
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in cls._instances:
            cls._instances[cls] = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instances[cls]

#Python2
class MyClass(BaseClass):
    __metaclass__ = Singleton

#Python3
class MyClass(BaseClass, metaclass=Singleton):
    pass

---

Method 4: decorator returning a class with the same name

def singleton(class_):
    class class_w(class_):
        _instance = None
        def __new__(class_, *args, **kwargs):
            if class_w._instance is None:
                class_w._instance = super(class_w,
                                    class_).__new__(class_,
                                                    *args,
                                                    **kwargs)
                class_w._instance._sealed = False
            return class_w._instance
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            if self._sealed:
                return
            super(class_w, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self._sealed = True
    class_w.__name__ = class_.__name__
    return class_w

@singleton
class MyClass(BaseClass):
    pass

支持多线程：

import time
import threading
def singleton(class_):

    class class_w(class_):
        _instance_lock = threading.Lock()
        _instance = None

        def __new__(class_, *args, **kwargs):
            if class_w._instance is None:
                # time.sleep(2)
                with class_w._instance_lock:
                    if class_w._instance is None:
                        class_w._instance = super(class_w, class_).__new__(class_, *args, **kwargs)
                class_w._instance._sealed = False
            return class_w._instance

        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            if self._sealed:
                return
            super(class_w, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
            self._sealed = True

    class_w.__name__ = class_.__name__
    return class_w


class BaseClass(object):
    pass


@singleton
class MyClass(BaseClass):
    pass


if __name__ == '__main__':
    def task(arg):
        obj = MyClass()
        print(id(obj))

    for i in range(10):
        t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=[i, ])
        t.start()
    time.sleep(20)
    obj = MyClass()
    print(id(obj))

    # for i in range(100):
    #     my_obj = MyClass()
    #     print(id(my_obj))