• K8S--- yaml配置文件


    一、YAML基础

      YAML是专门用来写配置的语言,非常简洁和强大,使用比json更方便。它实质上是一种通用的串行数据化格式。

    YAML语法规则:

    • 大小写敏感
    • 使用缩进表示层级关系
    • 缩进时不允许使用Tab键,只允许使用空格
    • 缩进的空格数目不重要,只要相同层级的元素左侧对齐即可
    •  # 表注释,该行会被解析器忽略

    在K8S中,只需知道两种结构类型即可:

    • maps
    • lists

      1.1 YAML Maps

      字典,即一个 Key:Value 的键值对信息。例如:

    ---
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Pod

      注:---为可选的分隔符 ,当需要在一个文件中定义多个结构的时候需要使用。上述内容表示有两个键apiVersion和kind,分别对应的值为v1和Pod。

      Maps的value既能够对应字符串也能够对应一个Maps。例如:

    ---
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Pod
    metadata:
      name: kube100-site
      labels:
        app: web

      注:上述的YAML文件中,metadata这个KEY对应的值为一个Maps,而嵌套的labels这个KEY的值又是一个Map。实际使用中可视情况进行多层嵌套。

      YAML处理器根据行缩进来知道内容之间的关联。上述例子中,使用两个空格作为缩进,但空格的数据量并不重要,只是至少要求一个空格并且所有缩进保持一致的空格数 。例如,name和labels是相同缩进级别,因此YAML处理器知道他们属于同一map;它知道app是lables的值因为app的缩进更大。

      注意:在YAML文件中绝对不要使用tab键

      1.2 YAML Lists

      List即列表,说白了就是数组,例如:

    args
     -beijing
     -shanghai
     -shenzhen
     -guangzhou

    当然Lists的子项也可以是Maps,Maps的子项也可以是List,例如:

    ---
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Pod
    metadata:
      name: kube100-site
      labels:
        app: web
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: front-end
          image: nginx
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
        - name: flaskapp-demo
          image: jcdemo/flaskapp
          ports: 8080

    如上述文件所示,定义一个containers的List对象,每个子项都由name、image、ports组成,每个ports都有一个KEY为containerPort的Map组成,转成JSON格式文件:

    {
      "apiVersion": "v1",
      "kind": "Pod",
      "metadata": {
            "name": "kube100-site",
            "labels": {
                "app": "web"
            },
     
      },
      "spec": {
            "containers": [{
                "name": "front-end",
                "image": "nginx",
                "ports": [{
                    "containerPort": "80"
                }]
            }, {
                "name": "flaskapp-demo",
                "image": "jcdemo/flaskapp",
                "ports": [{
                    "containerPort": "5000"
                }]
            }]
      }
    }

    二、说明

    • 定义配置时,指定最新稳定版API
    • 配置文件应该存储在集群之外的版本控制仓库中。如果需要,可以快速回滚配置、重新创建和恢复
    • 应该使用YAML格式编写配置文件,而不是json。YAML对用户更加友好
    • 可以将相关对象组合成单个文件,通常会更容易管理
    • 不要没必要指定默认值,简单和最小配置减小错误
    • 在注释中说明一个对象描述更好维护

    三、使用YAML创建Pod

    ---
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Pod
    metadata:
      name: kube100-site
      labels:
        app: web
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: front-end
          image: nginx
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
        - name: flaskapp-demo
          image: jcdemo/flaskapp
          ports:
            - containerPort: 5000 
    • apiVersion:此处值是v1,这个版本号需要根据安装的Kubernetes版本和资源类型进行变化,记住不是写死的。
    • kind:此处创建的是Pod,根据实际情况,此处资源类型可以是Deployment、Job、Ingress、Service等。
    • metadata:包含Pod的一些meta信息,比如名称、namespace、标签等信息。
    • spe:包括一些container,storage,volume以及其他Kubernetes需要的参数,以及诸如是否在容器失败时重新启动容器的属性。可在特定Kubernetes API找到完整的Kubernetes Pod的属性。

      (1)查看apiVersion

    # kubectl api-versions
    admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 apiregistration.k8s.io/v1 apiregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 apps/v1 apps/v1beta1 apps/v1beta2 authentication.k8s.io/v1 authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 authorization.k8s.io/v1 authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 autoscaling/v1 autoscaling/v2beta1 batch/v1 batch/v1beta1 certificates.k8s.io/v1beta1 events.k8s.io/v1beta1 extensions/v1beta1 networking.k8s.io/v1 policy/v1beta1 rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 storage.k8s.io/v1 storage.k8s.io/v1beta1 v1

      (2)下面是一个典型的容器定义:

    …
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: front-end
          image: nginx
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
    …
    • 上述例子只是一个简单的最小定义:一个名字(front-end)、基于nginx的镜像,以及容器将会监听的指定端口号(80)。
    • 除了上述的基本属性外,还能够指定复杂的属性,包括容器启动运行的命令、使用的参数、工作目录以及每次实例化是否拉取新的副本。 还可以指定更深入的信息,例如容器的退出日志的位置。容器可选的设置属性包括:

      name、image、command、args、workingDir、ports、env、resource、volumeMounts、livenessProbe、readinessProbe、livecycle、terminationMessagePath、imagePullPolicy、securityContext、stdin、stdinOnce、tty

      (3)kubectl创建Pod

    # kubectl create -f test_pod.yaml
    pod "kube100-site" created

      (4)查看Pod状态

    # kubectl get pod
     
    NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
    kube100-site                  2/2       Running   0          2m

    四、创建 Deployment

      名词解释

     1 #test-pod 
     2 apiVersion: v1 #指定api版本,此值必须在kubectl apiversion中   
     3 kind: Pod #指定创建资源的角色/类型   
     4 metadata: #资源的元数据/属性   
     5   name: test-pod #资源的名字,在同一个namespace中必须唯一   
     6   labels: #设定资源的标签 
     7     k8s-app: apache   
     8     version: v1   
     9     kubernetes.io/cluster-service: "true"   
    10   annotations:            #自定义注解列表   
    11     - name: String        #自定义注解名字   
    12 spec: #specification of the resource content 指定该资源的内容   
    13   restartPolicy: Always #表明该容器一直运行,默认k8s的策略,在此容器退出后,会立即创建一个相同的容器   
    14   nodeSelector:     #节点选择,先给主机打标签kubectl label nodes kube-node1 zone=node1   
    15     zone: node1   
    16   containers:   
    17   - name: test-pod #容器的名字   
    18     image: 10.192.21.18:5000/test/chat:latest #容器使用的镜像地址   
    19     imagePullPolicy: Never #三个选择Always、Never、IfNotPresent,每次启动时检查和更新(从registery)images的策略, 
    20                            # Always,每次都检查 
    21                            # Never,每次都不检查(不管本地是否有) 
    22                            # IfNotPresent,如果本地有就不检查,如果没有就拉取 
    23     command: ['sh'] #启动容器的运行命令,将覆盖容器中的Entrypoint,对应Dockefile中的ENTRYPOINT   
    24     args: ["$(str)"] #启动容器的命令参数,对应Dockerfile中CMD参数   
    25     env: #指定容器中的环境变量   
    26     - name: str #变量的名字   
    27       value: "/etc/run.sh" #变量的值   
    28     resources: #资源管理 
    29       requests: #容器运行时,最低资源需求,也就是说最少需要多少资源容器才能正常运行   
    30         cpu: 0.1 #CPU资源(核数),两种方式,浮点数或者是整数+m,0.1=100m,最少值为0.001核(1m) 
    31         memory: 32Mi #内存使用量   
    32       limits: #资源限制   
    33         cpu: 0.5   
    34         memory: 1000Mi   
    35     ports:   
    36     - containerPort: 80 #容器开发对外的端口 
    37       name: httpd  #名称 
    38       protocol: TCP   
    39     livenessProbe: #pod内容器健康检查的设置 
    40       httpGet: #通过httpget检查健康,返回200-399之间,则认为容器正常   
    41         path: / #URI地址   
    42         port: 80   
    43         #host: 127.0.0.1 #主机地址   
    44         scheme: HTTP   
    45       initialDelaySeconds: 180 #表明第一次检测在容器启动后多长时间后开始   
    46       timeoutSeconds: 5 #检测的超时时间   
    47       periodSeconds: 15  #检查间隔时间   
    48       #也可以用这种方法   
    49       #exec: 执行命令的方法进行监测,如果其退出码不为0,则认为容器正常   
    50       #  command:   
    51       #    - cat   
    52       #    - /tmp/health   
    53       #也可以用这种方法   
    54       #tcpSocket: //通过tcpSocket检查健康    
    55       #  port: number    
    56     lifecycle: #生命周期管理   
    57       postStart: #容器运行之前运行的任务   
    58         exec:   
    59           command:   
    60             - 'sh'   
    61             - 'yum upgrade -y'   
    62       preStop:#容器关闭之前运行的任务   
    63         exec:   
    64           command: ['service httpd stop']   
    65     volumeMounts:  #挂载持久存储卷 
    66     - name: volume #挂载设备的名字,与volumes[*].name 需要对应     
    67       mountPath: /data #挂载到容器的某个路径下   
    68       readOnly: True   
    69   volumes: #定义一组挂载设备   
    70   - name: volume #定义一个挂载设备的名字   
    71     #meptyDir: {}   
    72     hostPath:   
    73       path: /opt #挂载设备类型为hostPath,路径为宿主机下的/opt,这里设备类型支持很多种 
    74     #nfs

      (1)创建一个yaml文件

     1 apiVersion: apps/v1beta2
     2 kind: Deployment
     3 metadata:
     4   name: nginx-deployment
     5 spec:
     6   replicas: 3
     7   selector:
     8     matchLabels:
     9       app: nginx
    10   template:
    11     metadata:
    12       labels:
    13         app: nginx
    14     spec:
    15       containers:
    16       - name: nginx
    17         image: nginx:1.10
    18         ports:
    19         - containerPort: 80

      (2)创建deployment

    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml
    deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" created
    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod -o  wide
    NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP              NODE
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.184.83    master-01
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.190.60    node-01
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.254.108   node-03
    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get deployment
    NAME               DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
    nginx-deployment   3         3         3            3           2m

      (3)查看标签

    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod --show-labels
    NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       LABELS
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360

      (4)通过标签查找Pod

    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod -l app=nginx
    NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          6m
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          6m
    nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          6m

      (5)deployment创建过程

    Deployment 管理的是replicaset-controller,RC会创建Pod。Pod自身会下载镜像并启动镜像

    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl describe rs nginx-deployment
    ...
    ...
    ...
    Events:
      Type    Reason            Age   From                   Message
      ----    ------            ----  ----                   -------
      Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm
      Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj
      Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t
     
     
    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl describe pod nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj
     
    ...
    ...
    ...
    Events:
      Type    Reason                 Age   From                Message
      ----    ------                 ----  ----                -------
      Normal  Scheduled              36m   default-scheduler   Successfully assigned nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj to master-01
      Normal  SuccessfulMountVolume  36m   kubelet, master-01  MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "default-token-v5vw9"
      Normal  Pulled                 36m   kubelet, master-01  Container image "nginx:1.10" already present on machine
      Normal  Created                36m   kubelet, master-01  Created container
      Normal  Started                36m   kubelet, master-01  Started container

      (6)升级镜像(nginx1.10-->nginx1.11)

    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl set image deploy/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.11
    deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" image updated
     
    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl exec -it nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf bash
    root@nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf:/# nginx -V
    nginx version: nginx/1.11.13

    升级镜像的过程是逐步进行的,pod不会一下子全部关闭,而是一个一个升级

      (7)查看发布状态

    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment
    deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

      (8)查看deployment历史修订版本

    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
    deployments "nginx-deployment"
    REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE
    1         <none>
    2         <none>
     
    # 显示历史有两个版本
     
    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=1
    deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #1
    Pod Template:
      Labels:   app=nginx
        pod-template-hash=2636081360
      Containers:
       nginx:
        Image:  nginx:1.10
        Port:   80/TCP
        Host Port:  0/TCP
        Environment:    <none>
        Mounts: <none>
      Volumes:  <none>
     
    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=2
    deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #2
    Pod Template:
      Labels:   app=nginx
        pod-template-hash=65275387
      Containers:
       nginx:
        Image:  nginx:1.11
        Port:   80/TCP
        Host Port:  0/TCP
        Environment:    <none>
        Mounts: <none>
      Volumes:  <none>

      (8)编辑deployment

    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl edit deploy/nginx-deployment
     
     
    # 将nginx版本改为1.12
    ...
    ...
    ...
       spec:
          containers:
          - image: nginx:1.12
            imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
            name: nginx
            ports:
            - containerPort: 80

      升级过程:

    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment
    Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
    Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
    Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
    Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
    Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
    Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
    Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
    Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
    deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

      (10)扩容/缩容(指定--replicas的数量)

    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl get pod
    NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
    nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-8mjkr   1/1       Running   0          1m
    nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-kr978   1/1       Running   0          1m
    nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-tvhvl   1/1       Running   0          1m
    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl scale deploy/nginx-deployment --replicas=5
    deployment.extensions "nginx-deployment" scaled
    [root@master-01 ~]# kubectl get pod
    NAME                                READY     STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
    nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-6r5dz   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          4s
    nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-7sjtt   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          4s
    nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-8mjkr   1/1       Running             0          2m
    nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-kr978   1/1       Running             0          2m
    nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-tvhvl   1/1       Running             0          2m

      (11)创建Service提供对外访问的接口

    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Service
    metadata:
      name: nginx-service
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      ports:
      - port: 88
        targetPort: 80
      selector:
        app: nginx
     
    ####
    apiVersion: 指定版本
     
    kind: 类型
     
    name: 指定服务名称
     
    labels: 标签
     
    port: Service 服务暴露的端口
     
    targetPort: 容器暴露的端口
     
    seletor: 关联的Pod的标签

      创建service

    # kubectl create -f nginx-service.yaml

      查看service(访问Pod是有负载均衡的)

    [root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get svc/nginx-service
    NAME            TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
    nginx-service   ClusterIP   10.254.131.176   <none>        88/TCP    1m
     
     
    # curl 10.254.131.176:88
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head>
    <title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
    <style>
        body {
             35em;
            margin: 0 auto;
            font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
        }
    </style>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
    <p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
    working. Further configuration is required.</p>
     
    <p>For online documentation and support please refer to
    <a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
    Commercial support is available at
    <a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
     
    <p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
    </body>
    </html>

      对service的描述

    # kubectl describe svc/nginx-service
    Name:              nginx-service
    Namespace:         default
    Labels:            app=nginx
    Annotations:       <none>
    Selector:          app=nginx
    Type:              ClusterIP
    IP:                10.254.131.176
    Port:              <unset>  88/TCP
    TargetPort:        80/TCP
    Endpoints:         10.20.184.19:80,10.20.184.84:80,10.20.190.62:80 + 2 more...
    Session Affinity:  None
    Events:            <none

      (12)回滚到以前的版本

    # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
    deployments "nginx-deployment"
    REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE
    1         <none>
    2         <none>
    3         <none>
     
    # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=3
    deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #3
    Pod Template:
      Labels:   app=nginx
        pod-template-hash=2603790434
      Containers:
       nginx:
        Image:  nginx:1.12
        Port:   80/TCP
        Host Port:  0/TCP
        Environment:    <none>
        Mounts: <none>
      Volumes:  <none>
     
     
    # 回滚到上一个版本
    # kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment
    deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"
     
    # 查看版本
    # kubectl describe deploy/nginx-deployment
    ...
    ...
    Labels:  app=nginx
      Containers:
       nginx:
        Image:        nginx:1.11

      (13)回滚到指定版本

    # kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
    deployments "nginx-deployment"
    REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE
    1         <none>
    3         <none>
    4         <none>
     
    # 指定版本
    # kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment --to-revision=1
    deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"
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    Task2.设立计算图并自动计算
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/karl-python/p/12603712.html
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