• Linux网络配置


    一、网络地址计算:

      二进制转换;

      查看是否为同一个网段,需要根据ip地址和掩码一起决定。  二进制转换这里不做说明

      根据ip和掩码来区分,如10.0.7.10/20和10.0.14.11/20是同一个网段,但是10.0.7.10/21和10.0.14.11/21就是不同网段

    二、管理以太网连接

      网络接口有序的命令为:eth0,eth1,等

        。可以给一个设备作为别名配置多个地址

        。别名以eth0:1,eth0:2,等命令.

        。别名可以看成子接口

      使用ifcofnig [ethX]查看接口配置 ;lo逻辑接口,只在自己电脑有效。

      使用ifup ethX启动接口

      使用ifdown ethX禁用接口

      网络配置文件其他全局网络设置

        全局设置/etc/sysconfig/network

          。很多参数可以由DHCP提供

          。GATEWAY可以被ifcfg配置文件取代

            

    NETWORKING=yes
    HOSTNAME=service1.example.com
    GATEWAY=192.168.2.254

    虚拟机1:

    [root@eurm ~]# ip route show    //查看本机ip列表
    192.168.6.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.6.128 
    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1002 
    default via 192.168.6.2 dev eth0 
    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr add 10.0.7.10/10 dev eth0:testing  添加ip地址到网卡
    [root@eurm ~]# ip route show    //查看ip列表
    192.168.6.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.6.128 
    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1002 
    10.0.0.0/10 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 10.0.7.10 
    default via 192.168.6.2 dev eth0 

    虚拟机2:

    [root@eurm ~]# ip route show
    192.168.6.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.6.129 
    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1002 
    default via 192.168.6.2 dev eth0 
    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr del 10.0.0.128/24 dev eth0    //删除网卡
    RTNETLINK answers: Cannot assign requested address
    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr add 10.0.14.11/20 dev eth0:testing    //添加网卡
    [root@eurm ~]# ping 10.0.14.11 -c2    //ping两次包
    PING 10.0.14.11 (10.0.14.11) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 10.0.14.11: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.030 ms
    64 bytes from 10.0.14.11: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms
    
    --- 10.0.14.11 ping statistics ---
    2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1000ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.030/0.033/0.036/0.003 ms
    [root@eurm ~]# ping 10.0.7.10 -c2
    PING 10.0.7.10 (10.0.7.10) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 10.0.7.10: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.781 ms
    64 bytes from 10.0.7.10: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.456 ms
    
    --- 10.0.7.10 ping statistics ---
    2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1000ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.456/0.618/0.781/0.164 ms
    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr del 10.0.14.11/20 dev eth0:testing
    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr add 10.0.14.11/21 dev eth0:testing
    [root@eurm ~]# ip route
    192.168.6.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.6.129 
    10.0.8.0/21 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 10.0.14.11 
    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1002 
    default via 192.168.6.2 dev eth0 
    [root@eurm ~]# ping 10.0.0.7 -c2
    PING 10.0.0.7 (10.0.0.7) 56(84) bytes of data.
    ^C
    --- 10.0.0.7 ping statistics ---
    2 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 2008ms
    使用别名的方式配置网络:
    [root@eurm ~]# ifconfig eth0:tech 10.0.0.128/24 [root@eurm ~]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:20:00:C1 inet addr:192.168.6.128 Bcast:192.168.6.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe20:c1/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:48162 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1750 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:2954753 (2.8 MiB) TX bytes:124210 (121.2 KiB) eth0:tech Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:20:00:C1 inet addr:10.0.0.128 Bcast:10.0.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

    使用ip link排查网络

    #ip link help

    #ip link show查看端口是否插入网线:

    [root@eurm ~]# ip link show
    1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:20:00:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    

    #ip addr help

    #ip add show  

    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr show
    1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
        inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
        inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:20:00:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 192.168.6.128/24 brd 192.168.6.255 scope global eth0
        inet 10.0.7.10/10 scope global eth0
        inet 10.0.0.128/24 brd 10.0.0.255 scope global eth0:tech
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe20:c1/64 scope link 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr del 10.0.7.10/10 dev eth0
    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr show
    1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
        inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
        inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:20:00:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 192.168.6.128/24 brd 192.168.6.255 scope global eth0
        inet 10.0.0.128/24 brd 10.0.0.255 scope global eth0:tech
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe20:c1/64 scope link 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    [root@eurm ~]# ip del 10.0.0.128/24 dev eth0
    Object "del" is unknown, try "ip help".
    [root@eurm ~]# ip addr  del 10.0.0.128/24 dev eth0

     选择别名的方式通过ifconfig是看不了ip addr配置网络信息的。

    ifconfig配置的方式可以通过ifconfig命令看到

    以上配置方式均为临时配置方式。如果需要永久生效可以通过【图形网络配置system-config-network】配置

      系统->管理->网络

        。激活/禁用接口

        。设置IP地址/DHCP

        。修改DNS配置

        。修改网关地址

    网络配置文件以太网设备

      设备配置以文本文件保存/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX

      所有的选项列在/usr/share/doc/initscripts-*/sysconfig.txt

      

     BOOTPROTO是DHCP的引导协议 

    重启网络:

    [root@eurm ~]# /etc/init.d/network restart
    正在关闭接口 eth0:                                        [确定]
    关闭环回接口:                                             [确定]
    弹出环回接口:                                             [确定]
    弹出界面 eth0:                                            [确定]  

    网络配置文件其他全局网络设置

      全局设置/etc/sysconfig/network配置网关

        。很多参数可以由DHCP提供

        。GATEWAY可以被ifcfg配置文件取代

          NETWORKING=yes

          HOSTNAME=server1.example.com

          GATEWAY=192.168.2.254

    网关:

    [root@eurm ~]# ip route get 192.14.21.1  //使用ip route get ip地址查找当前服务器配置的缺省网关地址为192.168.6.2
    192.14.21.1 via 192.168.6.2 dev eth0  src 192.168.6.128 
        cache  mtu 1500 advmss 1460 hoplimit 64
    [root@eurm ~]# ip route get 192.14.48.5
    192.14.48.5 via 192.168.6.2 dev eth0  src 192.168.6.128 
        cache  mtu 1500 advmss 1460 hoplimit 64

    临时改动网关,也就是服务器下一跳地址:

    [root@eurm ~]# ip route show
    192.168.6.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.6.128 
    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1002 
    default via 192.168.6.2 dev eth0 
    [root@eurm ~]# ip route replace default via 192.168.6.254    //替换下一跳网关或者路由
    [root@eurm ~]# ip route show
    192.168.6.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.6.128 
    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1002 
    default via 192.168.6.254 dev eth0 

    [root@eurm ~]# ip route del default     //删除默认路由
    [root@eurm ~]# ip route show
    192.168.6.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.6.128
    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0 scope link metric 1002

    [root@eurm ~]# ip route add 0.0.0.0/0 via 192.168.6.2    //添加默认路由
    [root@eurm ~]# ip route show
    192.168.6.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.6.128
    169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0 scope link metric 1002
    default via 192.168.6.2 dev eth0

    网关只有一个。所以不要在ifcfg-ethX中配置GATEWAY,不然不好找到对应的GATEWAY。尽量在全局配置GATEWAY

    DNS网络配置文件

    。域名服务提供了主机名到网络地址的转换

    。服务器地址可以通过DHCP或者/etc/resolv.conf指定

      search example.com cracker.org

      nameserver 192.168.6.254

      nameserver 192.168.6.254  

    [root@eurm ~]# nslookup example.com       //解析域名看看对应的IP
    Server: 192.168.6.2 Address: 192.168.6.2#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: example.com Address: 93.184.216.34 [root@eurm ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf

    [root@eurm ~]# cat /etc/services | grep domain
    domain 53/tcp # name-domain server
    domain 53/udp
    domaintime 9909/tcp # domaintime
    domaintime 9909/udp # domaintime

    DNS查询命令:

      host ip方向解析域名

      host 域名解析ip

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hongjinping/p/13035139.html
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