• Checked异常和Runtime异常体系


    使用throws声明抛出异常

    一旦使用throws语句声明抛出该异常,程序就无须使用try...catch块来捕获该异常

    public class ThrowsTest

    {

               public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException

               {

                        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("a.txt");

                }

    }

    编译结果:

    import java.io.*;

    public  class TestThrows2

    {

              public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception

              {

                         //因为test()方法声明抛出IOException异常

                        //所以调用该方法的代码要么处于try...catch块中

                         //要么处于另一个带throws声明抛出的方法中

                         test();

                      

               }

        

               public static void test() throws IOException

                {

                             //因为FileInputStream的构造器声明抛出IOException异常

                             //所以调用FileInputStream的代码要么处于try...catch块中

                             //要么处于另一个带throws声明抛出的方法中

                             FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("a.txt");

                }

    }

    public class OverrideThrows

    {

                 public void test() throws IOException

                 {

                          FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("a.txt");

                  }

    }

    class Sub extends OverrideThrows

    {

                   //下面代码无法通过编译:子类方法声明抛出了比父类方法更大的异常

                   public void test() throws Exception

                   {

                          //.....

                   }

    }

    Checked异常有优势:Checked异常能在编译时提醒程序员代码可能存在的问题,提醒程序员必须注意处理该异常,或者声明该异常由该方法调用者来处理,从而可以避免程序员因为粗心而忘记处理该异常错误。

    》》使用throw抛出异常

    如果需要在程序中自行抛出异常,应使用throw语句,throw语句可以单独使用,throw语句抛出的不是异常类,而是一个异常实例,而且每次只能抛出一个异常实例:

    throw ExceptionInstance

    看代码:

    public class TestThrow

    {

              public static void main(String[] args)

              {

                         try

                         {

                                       //调用带throws声明的方法,必须显式捕获该异常

                                       //否则,必须在main方法中再次声明抛出

                                       throwChecked(-3);

                          }

                          catch(Exception e)

                          {

                                    System.out.println(e.getMessage());

                           }

                           //调用抛出Runtime异常的方法既可以显式捕获该异常

                           //也可不理会异常

                           throwRuntime(3);

               }

               public static void throwChecked(int a ) throws Exception

                {

                               if(a >0 )

                                {

                                            //自行抛出Exception 异常

                                            //该代码必须处于try块里,或处于带throws声明的方法中

                                             throw new Exception("a的值大于0,不符合要求");

                                 }

                               public static void throwRuntime(int a )

                               {

                                           if(a>0)

                                           {

                                                       //自行抛出RuntimeException异常,既可以显式捕获该异常

                                                       //也可完全不理会该异常,把该异常交给该方法调用者处理

                                                       throw new RuntimeException("a的值大于0,不符合要求");

                                            }

                                }

                 }

    }

    编译结果:

    》》自定义异常类

    public class AuctionException extends Exception

    {

                   //异常类无参数的构造器

                   public AuctionException()

                   {}

                   //带一个字符串参数的构造器

                   public AuctionException(String msg)

                   {

                               super(msg);

                   }

     }

    》》catch和throw同时使用

    public class TestAuction

    {

              private double initPrice = 30.0;

              //因为该方法中显式地throw了AuctionException异常

              //所以此处需要声明抛出AuctionException异常

              public void bid(String bidPrice) throws AuctionException

               {

                           double d = 0.0;

                           try

                            {

                                      d = Double.parseDouble(bidprice);

                             }

                             catch(Exception e)

                             {

                                        //此处完成本方法中可以对异常执行的修复处理,此处仅仅是在控制台打印异常跟踪栈信息

                                         e.printStackTrace();

                                        //再次抛出自定义异常

                                         throw new AuctionException("竟拍价必须是数值,不能包含其他字符");

                               }

                                if(intPrice>d)

                                {

                                             throw new AuctionException("竟拍价比起拍价低,不允许竟拍");

                                  }

                                  initPrice = d;

                 }

                 public static void main(String[] args)

                  {

                             TestAuction ta = new TestAuction();

                             try

                             {

                                           ta.bid("df");

                               }

                               catch(AuctionException ae)

                               {

                                         //main方法再次捕捉到bid方法中的异常,并对该异常进行处理

                                         System.err.println(ae.getMessage());

                                }

                   }

                                                            

    }

    编译结果:

    》》JAVA异常链

    程序先捕获原始的异常,然后抛出一个新的业务异常,新的业务异常中包含了对用户的提示信息,这种处理方式被称为异常转译

    public calSal throws SalException

    {

               try

                {

                            //实现结算工资的业务逻辑

                            ...

                 }

                catch(SQLException sqle)

                {

                               //把原始异常中的message就是向用户提示

                                throw new SalException("访问底层数据库出现异常");

                   }

                 catch(Exception e)

                  {

                            //把原始异常记录下来,留给管理员

                            ...

                            //下面异常中的message就是向用户的提示

                            throw new SalException("系统出现未知异常");

                   }

    }

    》》JAVA的异常跟踪栈

    class SelfException extends Exception

    {

             SelfException()

              {}

             SelfException(String msg)

             {

                       super(msg);

              }

    }

    public class PrintStackTraceTest

    {

                 public static void main(String[] args)throws SelfException

                 {

                            firstMethod();

                  }

                 public static void firstMethod() throws SelfException

                 {

                            secondMethod();

                 }

                 public static void secondMethod() throws selfException

                 {

                             thirdMethod();

                 }

                public static void thirdMethod()throws SelfException

                 {

                          throw new SelfException("自定义异常信息");

                 }

    }

    编译结果:

    下面代码是多线程中发生异常的情形:

    public class TestThreadException implements Runnable

    {

                public void run()

                {

                         firstMethod();

                 }

                public void firstMethod()

                {

                          secondMethod():

                 }

                public void secondMethod()

                 {

                           int a = 5;

                            int b = 0;

                            int c = a/b;

                  }

                 public static void main(String[] args)

                 {

                           new Thread(new TestThreadException()).start();

                 }

    }

    》异常处理规则

    》不要过度使用异常

    》不要使用过于庞大的try块 

    》避免使用CatchAll语句

    》不要忽略捕获到的异常

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/heartstage/p/3409633.html
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