MySQL复制
能够保证数据的冗余的同时可以做读写分离来分担系统压力,如果是主主复制还可以很好的避免主节点的单点故障。但是MySQL主主复制存在一些问题无法满足我们的实际需要:未提供统一访问入口来实现负载均衡,如果其中master宕掉的话需要手动切换到另外一个master,而不能自动进行切换。
这篇文章下面要介绍如何通过LVS+Keepalived的方式来是实现MySQL的高可用性,同时解决以上问题。
Keepalived和LVS介绍
Keepalived
是一个基于VRRP(虚拟路由冗余协议)可用来实现服务高可用性的软件方案,避免出现单点故障。Keepalived一般用来实现轻量级高可用性,且不需要共享存储,一般用于两个节点之间,常见有LVS+Keepalived、Nginx+Keepalived组合。
LVS
(Linux Virtual Server)是一个高可用性虚拟的服务器集群系统。本项目在1998年5月由章文嵩博士成立,是中国国内最早出现的自由软件项目之一。LVS主要用于多服务器的负载均衡,作用于网络层。LVS构建的服务器集群系统中,前端的负载均衡层被称为Director Server;后端提供服务的服务器组层被称为Real Server。通过下图可以大致了解LVS的基础架构。
LVS有三种工作模式,分别是DR(Direct Routing 直接路由)、TUN(Tunneling IP隧道)、NAT(Network Address Translation 网络地址转换)。其中TUN模式能够支持更多的Real Server,但需要所有服务器支持IP隧道协议;DR也可以支持相当的Real Server,但需要保证Director Server虚拟网卡与物理网卡在同一网段;NAT扩展性有限,无法支持更多的Real Server,因为所有的请求包和应答包都需要Director Server进行解析再生,影响效率。 同时,LVS负载均衡有10中调度算法,分别是rr、wrr、lc、wlc、lblc、lblcr、dh、sh、sed、nq(详细介绍本文不在说明)
本文中将利用LVS实现MySQL的读写负载均衡,Keepalived避免节点出现单点故障。
LVS+Keepalived配置
环境准备
LVS1:172.30.8.192
LVS2:172.30.8.193
MySQL Server1:172.30.8.190
MySQL Server2:172.30.8.191
VIP:172.30.8.200
OS: CentOS 6.5
Mysql安装及双主配置
MySQL:5.1.73
本文为了方便直接采用的yum安装方式安装将不在介绍
全局配置(即MAster,Slave都需配置)
1)修改配置文件
#vim /etc/my.cnf 添加 log-bin=mysql-bin server-id=190
修改完需要重启数据库
注:server-id是唯一id一般都采用ip末尾
2)分配复制权限,主库和从库均需要执行
mysql> grant replication client,replication slave on *.* to root@'172.30.8.%' identified by 'root'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
2)清空日志文件,主从库都是默认开启二进制日志文件
mysql> show binary logs; +------------------+-----------+ | Log_name | File_size | +------------------+-----------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 26636 | | mysql-bin.000002 | 1069399 | | mysql-bin.000003 | 26636 | | mysql-bin.000004 | 1069399 | | mysql-bin.000005 | 536 | +------------------+-----------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> reset master; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> show binary logs; +------------------+-----------+ | Log_name | File_size | +------------------+-----------+ | mysql-bin.000001 | 107 | +------------------+-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
需要注意的是,如果不想清空日志文件的话,需要记录当前master的log_file和log_pos,并在下面启用复制操作时指定这两个参数或者在slave的配置文件指定。
Slave配置
1)启用复制
让slave连接master并开始重做master二进制日志中的事件
mysql> change master to master_host='172.30.8.190',master_user='root',master_password='1231234',master_port=3306,master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',master_log_pos=107;
master_log_pos如果是日志的开始位置值可以为0;master_log_file是初始日志文件。如果master日志没有被清空,这里就是当前master的日志信息
要注意的是,默认情况下,会同步该用户下所有的DB,如果想限定哪些DB,有3种思路
- 在master上的/etc/my.inf中通过参数binlog-do-db、binlog-ignore-db设置需要同步的数据库。
- 在执行grant分配权限操作的时候,限定数据库
- 在slave上限定数据库使用replicate-do-db=dbname
2)开启slave
mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
3)确认Slave是否和Mater成功通信。如果 Slave_IO_Running和Slave_SQL_Running都是yes,则证明配置成功
mysql> show slave statusG; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 172.30.8.190 Master_User: root Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1042 Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin.000020 Relay_Log_Pos: 510 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1042 Relay_Log_Space: 811 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) ERROR: No query specified
至此mysql主从配置完毕,如果双主则操作相反即可。
附加:
1)mysql修改密码
mysql> use mysql; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> update user set password=password("1231234") where user="root"; Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 5 Changed: 5 Warnings: 0 mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
2)授权远程连接
mysql>GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '1231234' WITH GRANT OPTION;
同步测试
1)Master创建数据库
mysql> create database jingzi; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | jingzi | | mysql | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2)slave查看
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | jingzi | | mysql | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
通过以上验证,可以看到主服务器上的修改能够正常同步到从服务器。
Keepalived安装及LVS安装(以下操作在lvs服务器主+从上操作)
Keepalived安装
需要安装以下软件包
#yum install -y kernel-devel openssl openssl-devel gcc* (如果后边编译报错缺少什么包安装什么包就ok了)
安装
#wget http://www.keepalived.org/software/keepalived-1.2.13.tar.gz #tar -zxvf keepalived-1.2.13.tar.gz #cd keepalived-1.2.13 #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-431.5.1.el6.x86_64/
默认情况下keepalived启动时会去/etc/keepalived目录下找配置文件,将需要的配置文件拷贝到指定位置
# mkdir /etc/keepalived #cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/rc.d/init.d/keepalived /etc/rc.d/init.d/ #cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig/ #cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/ #cp /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin/ #chkconfig keepalived on
LVS安装
需要安装以下软件包
#yum install -y libnl* popt* kernel-headers popt-static
查看是否加载lvs模块
#modprobe -l |grep ipvs
解压安装
#ln -s /usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-431.5.1.el6.x86_64/ /usr/src/linux #tar -zxvf ipvsadm-1.26.tar.gz #make && make install
LVS安装完成,查看当前LVS集群
#ipvsadm -ln
至此keppalived+lvs安装完成接下来我们进行配置
LVS+Keepalived配置(以下操作是在lvs-1上执行lvs-2类似)
配置Keepalived
修改keepalived配置文件并添加以下代码
[root@lvs-1 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf global_defs { router_id LVS_1 # 设置lvs的id,在一个网络内应该是唯一的 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state MASTER #指定Keepalived的角色,MASTER为主,BACKUP为备 interface eth0 #虚拟ip所在网 virtual_router_id 51 #虚拟路由编号,主备要一致 priority 100 #定义优先级,数字越大,优先级越高,主DR必须大于备用DR advert_int 1 #检查间隔,默认为1s authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1111 } virtual_ipaddress { 172.30.8.200 #定义虚拟IP(VIP)为172.30.8.200,可多设,每行一个 } } # 定义对外提供服务的LVS的VIP以及port virtual_server 172.30.8.200 3306 { delay_loop 6 # 设置健康检查时间,单位是秒 lb_algo wlc # 设置负载调度的算法为wlc 基于权重的调度算法 lb_kind DR # 设置LVS实现负载的机制,有NAT、TUN、DR三个模式 nat_mask 255.255.255.0 persistence_timeout 50 会话保持时间 (为了实验效果可以注释掉该选项) protocol TCP real_server 172.30.8.190 3306 { # 指定real server1的IP地址 weight 3 # 配置节点权值,数字越大权重越高 TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 10 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 connect_port 3306 } } real_server 172.30.8.191 3306{ # 指定real server2的IP地址 weight 3 # 配置节点权值,数字越大权重越高 TCP_CHECK { connect_timeout 10 nb_get_retry 3 delay_before_retry 3 connect_port 3306 } } }
注意lvs-2操作类似只需修改以下选项即可
1.state MASTER #指定Keepalived的角色,MASTER为主,BACKUP为备 改为 state BACKUP #指定Keepalived的角色,MASTER为主,BACKUP为备 2.priority 100 #定义优先级,数字越大,优先级越高,主DR必须大于备用DR 改为 priority 99 #定义优先级,数字越大,优先级越高,主DR必须大于备用DR
配置LVS(此脚本需要添加到lvs-1,Mysql-master,Mysql-slave)
编写LVS启动脚本/etc/init.d/realserver
[root@lvs-1 ~]# vim /etc/init.d/realserver SNS_VIP=172.30.8.200 /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions case "$1" in start) ifconfig lo:0 $SNS_VIP netmask 255.255.255.255 broadcast $SNS_VIP /sbin/route add -host $SNS_VIP dev lo:0 echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce echo "1" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore echo "2" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce sysctl -p >/dev/null 2>&1 echo "RealServer Start OK" ;; stop) ifconfig lo:0 down route del $SNS_VIP >/dev/null 2>&1 echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore echo "0" >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce echo "RealServer Stoped" ;; *) echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop}" exit 1 esac exit 0
将lvs脚本加入开机自启动
#chmod +x /etc/init.d/realserver #echo "/etc/init.d/realserver" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local
分别启动LVS和keepalived
# service realserver start
# service keepalived start
注意此时网卡的变化,可以看到虚拟网卡已经分配到了realserver上。
此时查看LVS集群状态,可以看到集群下有两个Real Server,调度算法,权重等信息。ActiveConn代表当前Real Server的活跃连接数
[root@lvs-1 ~]# ipvsadm -ln IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 172.30.8.200:3306 wlc -> 172.30.8.190:3306 Route 3 0 0 -> 172.30.8.191:3306 Route 3 0
测试验证
关闭MySQL Server2
[root@mysql-2 ~]# service mysqld stop Stopping mysqld: [ OK ]
在LVS1查看/var/log/messages中关于keepalived日志,LVS1检测到了MySQL Server2宕机,同时LVS集群自动剔除了故障节点
May 18 23:52:26 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[5909]: TCP connection to [172.30.8.191]:3306 failed !!! May 18 23:52:26 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[5909]: Removing service [172.30.8.191]:3306 from VS [172.30.8.200]:3306
从新启动MySQL Server2后自动将故障节点自动加入LVS集群
May 18 23:53:50 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[5909]: TCP connection to [172.30.8.191]:3306 success. May 18 23:53:50 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[5909]: Adding service [172.30.8.191]:3306 to VS [172.30.8.200]:3306
关闭LVS1上的Keepalived(模拟宕机操作),查看LVS1上的日志,可以看到Keepalived移出了LVS1上的VIP
May 18 23:54:28 localhost Keepalived[5908]: Stopping Keepalived v1.2.13 (05/17,2017) May 18 23:54:28 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[5910]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) sending 0 priority May 18 23:54:28 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[5910]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) removing protocol VIPs. May 18 23:54:28 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[5909]: Netlink reflector reports IP 172.30.8.200 removed May 18 23:54:28 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[5909]: Removing service [172.30.8.190]:3306 from VS [172.30.8.200]:3306 May 18 23:54:28 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[5909]: Removing service [172.30.8.191]:3306 from VS [172.30.8.200]:3306
同时查看LVS2上日志,可以看到LVS2成为了Master,并接管了VIP
May 18 23:54:29 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[5187]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Transition to MASTER STATE May 18 23:54:30 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[5187]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering MASTER STATE May 18 23:54:30 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[5187]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) setting protocol VIPs. May 18 23:54:30 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[5186]: Netlink reflector reports IP 172.30.8.200 added May 18 23:54:30 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[5187]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 172.30.8.200 May 18 23:54:35 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[5187]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 172.30.8.200
在LVS2上查看LVS集群状态,一切正常
[root@lvs-2 ~]# ipvsadm -ln IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096) Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags -> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn TCP 172.30.8.200:3306 wlc -> 172.30.8.190:3306 Route 3 0 0 -> 172.30.8.191:3306 Route 3 1 0
总结
- MySQL主主复制是集群的基础,组成Server Array,其中每个节点作为Real Server。
- LVS服务器提供了负载均衡的作用,将用户请求分发到Real Server,一台Real Server故障并不会影响整个集群的。
- Keepalived搭建主备LVS服务器,避免了LVS服务器的单点故障,出现故障时可以自动切换到正常的节点。