JavaWeb—Servlet

Servlet

1、servlet简介

• servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
• sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做：Servlet，如果你想开发一个Servlet程序，只需要完成两个小步骤：
  • 编写一个类，实现Servlet接口
  • 把开发好的Java类部署到Web服务器中。

把实现了Servlet接口的的Java程序叫做，Servlet

2、HelloServlet

Servlet接口在Sun公司有两个默认的实现类HttpServlet，GenericServlet

1.构建一个普通的Maven项目，删掉里面的src目录，以后学习就在这个项目里面建立Moudel；这个空的工程就是Maven主工程；

2.关于Maven父子工程的理解：

父项目中会有

<modules>
        <module>servlet-01</module>
    </modules>

子项目中会有：

 <parent>
        <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.jiang</groupId>
        <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>

父项目中的java子项目可以直接使用

son extends father

3.Maven环境优化

1. 修改web.xml为最新的
2. 将Maven的结构搭建完整

4.编写一个Servlet程序

3.package com.jiang.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {

    //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式，可以相互调用，业务逻辑都一样
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        writer.println("Hello,Servlet");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

5.编写一个Servlet的映射

​ 为什么需要映射：我们写的是Java程序，但是要通过浏览器访问，而浏览器需要连接web服务器，所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet，还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径；

  <!--注册Servlet-->
  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.jiang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
  <!--Servlet的请求路径-->
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/jiang</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

6.配置Tomcat

注意：配置项目发布的路径就可以了

7.启动测试，成功

3、Servlet原理

Servlet是由Web服务器调用，web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后，会：

4、Mapping问题

1. 一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径

     <servlet-mapping>
       <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
       <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
     </servlet-mapping>
   

2. 一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径

   <!--Servlet的请求路径-->
     <servlet-mapping>
       <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
       <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
     </servlet-mapping>
     <servlet-mapping>
       <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
       <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
     </servlet-mapping><servlet-mapping>
     <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
     <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
   </servlet-mapping>
     <servlet-mapping>
       <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
       <url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern>
     </servlet-mapping>
   
   

3. 一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径

   <servlet-mapping>
       <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
       <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
     </servlet-mapping>
   

4. 指定一些后缀或者前缀等等

     <!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
     注意点：*前面不能加项目映射的路径
     例如：hello/asdasdas.java
     -->
     <servlet-mapping>
       <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
       <url-pattern>*.java</url-pattern>
     </servlet-mapping>
   

5. 请求默认路径

   <servlet-mapping>
       <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
       <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
     </servlet-mapping>
   

6. 优先级问题
   指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高，如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求

     <servlet>
       <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
       <servlet-class>com.jiang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
     </servlet>
     <servlet-mapping>
       <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
       <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
     </servlet-mapping>
   

   package com.jiang.servlet;
   
   import javax.servlet.ServletException;
   import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
   import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
   import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
   import java.io.IOException;
   import java.io.PrintWriter;
   
   public class ErrorServlet extends HttpServlet {
       @Override
       protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
           resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
           resp.setContentType("text/html");
           PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
           writer.println("<h1>404</h1>");
       }
   
       @Override
       protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
           super.doPost(req, resp);
       }
   }
   
   

5、ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候，它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象，它代表了当前的web应用；

5.1、共享数据

1、在这个Servlet中保存的数据，可以在另外一个servlet中拿到；

package com.jiang;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        
        //this.getInitParameter()   初始化参数
        //this.getServletConfig()   Servlet配置
        //this.getServletContext()  Servlet上下文
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();

        String username = "秦疆"; //数据
        context.setAttribute("username",username); //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中，名字为：username 。值 username

    }

}

2、写另外一个Servlet

package com.jiang;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import java.io.IOException;public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");

        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

3、注册Servlet

<servlet>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>


    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

测试访问结果；

1. 没走hello之前，请求getc为：名字null
2. 走了一遍hello，再请求getc为：名字姜嘉航

5.2、获取初始化参数

1、在web.xml配置一些web应用初始化参数

    <!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
    <context-param>
        <param-name>url</param-name>
        <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
    </context-param>

2、编写获取初始化参数的Servlet

package com.jiang;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
        resp.getWriter().print(url);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

3、注册Servlet

<servlet>
        <servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.jiang.ServletDemo03</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/gp</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

测试：

5.3、请求转发

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
    System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
    //RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //转发的请求路径
    //requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发；
    context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}

原理图：

5.4、读取资源文件

Properties

• 在java目录下新建properties
• 在resources目录下新建properties

发现：都被打包到了同一个路径下：classes，我们俗称这个路径为classpath:

思路：需要一个文件流；

1、在resources目录下创建一个db.properties

username=root
password=123456

public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/jiang/servlet/aa.properties");

        Properties prop = new Properties();
        prop.load(is);
        String user = prop.getProperty("username");
        String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");

        resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);

    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

访问测试即可ok；

6、HttpServletResponse

web服务器接收到客户端的http请求，针对这个请求，分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象，代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse；

• 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数：找HttpServletRequest
• 如果要给客户端响应一些信息：找HttpServletResponse

6.1、简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据的方法

ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;

负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法

    void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);

    void setContentLength(int var1);

    void setContentLengthLong(long var1);

    void setContentType(String var1);

    void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

    void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

    void setHeader(String var1, String var2);

    void addHeader(String var1, String var2);

    void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

    void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

响应的状态码

    int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
    int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
    int SC_OK = 200;
    int SC_CREATED = 201;
    int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
    int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
    int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
    int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
    int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
    int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
    int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
    int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
    int SC_FOUND = 302;
    int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
    int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
    int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
    int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
    int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
    int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
    int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
    int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
    int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
    int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
    int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
    int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
    int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
    int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
    int SC_GONE = 410;
    int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
    int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
    int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
    int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
    int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
    int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
    int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
    int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
    int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
    int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
    int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
    int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
    int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;

6.2、下载文件

1. 向浏览器输出消息
2. 下载文件
   1. 要获取下载文件的路径
   2. 下载的文件名是啥？
   3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
   4. 获取下载文件的输入流
   5. 创建缓冲区
   6. 获取OutputStream对象
   7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
   8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端！

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    // 1. 要获取下载文件的路径
    String realPath = "D:\图片\1.png";
    System.out.println("下载文件的路径："+realPath);
    // 2. 下载的文件名是啥？
    String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\") + 1);
    // 3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名URLEncoder.encode编码，否则有可能乱码
    resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
    // 4. 获取下载文件的输入流
    FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
    // 5. 创建缓冲区
    int len = 0;
    byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
    // 6. 获取OutputStream对象
    ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
    // 7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端！
    while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0){
        out.write(buffer,0,len);
    }

    in.close();
    out.close();
}

6.3、验证码功能

验证怎么来的？

• 前端实现
• 后端实现，需要用到 Java 的图片类，生产一个图片

package com.kuang.servlet;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;

public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次;
        resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
        
        //在内存中创建一个图片
        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        //得到图片
        Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics(); //笔
        //设置图片的背景颜色
        g.setColor(Color.white);
        g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
        //给图片写数据
        g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
        g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
        g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);

        //告诉浏览器，这个请求用图片的方式打开
        resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
        //网站存在缓存，不让浏览器缓存
        resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
        resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
        resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");

        //把图片写给浏览器
        ImageIO.write(image,"jpg", resp.getOutputStream());

    }

    //生成随机数
    private String makeNum(){
        Random random = new Random();
        String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length() ; i++) {
            sb.append("0");
        }
        num = sb.toString() + num;
        return num;
    }


    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

6.4、实现重定向

B一个web资源收到客户端A请求后，B他会通知A客户端去访问另外一个web资源C，这个过程叫重定向

常见场景：

• 用户登录

void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;

测试：

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

    /*
        resp.setHeader("Location","/r/img");
        resp.setStatus(302);
         */
    resp.sendRedirect("/r/img");//重定向
}

面试题：请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别？

相同点

• 页面都会实现跳转

不同点

• 请求转发的时候，url不会产生变化
• 重定向时候，url地址栏会发生变化；

5、简单实现登录重定向

<%--这里提交的路径，需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前的项目--%>

<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
    用户名：<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
    密码：<input type="password" name="password"> <br>
    <input type="submit">
</form>

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //处理请求
        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        String password = req.getParameter("password");

        System.out.println(username+":"+password);

        //重定向时候一定要注意，路径问题，否则404；
        resp.sendRedirect("/r/success.jsp");
    }

  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>requset</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.RequestTest</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>requset</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Success</h1>

</body>
</html>

7、HttpServletRequest

HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求，用户通过Http协议访问服务器，HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest，通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法，获得客户端的所有信息；

获取参数，请求转发

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

    String username = req.getParameter("username");
    String password = req.getParameter("password");
    String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
    System.out.println("=============================");
    //后台接收中文乱码问题
    System.out.println(username);
    System.out.println(password);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));
    System.out.println("=============================");


    System.out.println(req.getContextPath());
    //通过请求转发
    //这里的 / 代表当前的web应用
    req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);

}

面试题：请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别？

相同点

• 页面都会实现跳转

不同点

• 请求转发的时候，url不会产生变化 307
• 重定向时候，url地址栏会发生变化； 302