• MapServer Tutorial——MapServer7.2.1教程学习——第一节用例实践:Example1.5 Adding a raster layer


    MapServer Tutorial——MapServer7.2.1教程学习——第一节用例实践:Example1.5 Adding a  raster layer

    一、前言

      MapServer不仅支持矢量数据(point, lines, polygons, and annotations),同时也支持栅格数据。通过GDAL库,MapServer可以输入输出多种类型的栅格数据。

      在4.x版本前,MapServer输出栅格数据仅限于单个图层、灰度图像或伪彩色图像。

      当前版本支持RGB图像和多光谱图像(多层级multi-layer)。此示例演示如何选择使用多光谱数据时要显示的图层。官网地址:https://www.mapserver.org/tutorial/example1-5.html

      注意 在使用RGB和多光谱图像时,可能会出现明显的性能问题。

      因为MapServer5.x后使用AGG或GD2.x来生成输出的图像,它还支持RGB(24位或真彩色)输出。因此,除了8位(灰度图像或伪彩色图像)png8之外,现在还可以使用png(真颜色)进行输出。此示例使用PNG作为ImageType。

      注意 与RGB输入一样,与PNG8相比,使用PNG时可能会出现明显的性能问题。

      MapServer实际上也可以使用gdal生成输出图像,但这是另一个主题。如果您想了解更多信息,请查看mapfile引用中的outputformat对象。

    二、创建站点Example1.5 Adding a  raster layer

      1.文件准备

        在cmd中输入:cd /d E:SvnWorkspaceLY_WEB_GISranchesDocumentsms4w-mapserver-for-wimdows elease-1911-x64-gdal-2-3-3-mapserver-7-2-1apps

        在cmd中输入:md Example1.5

        在cmd中输入:cd Example1.5

        在cmd中输入:md data

        在cmd中输入:md logs

        在cmd中输入:md fonts

        在cmd中输入:md symbols

        在cmd中输入:cd.>web.config

        在cmd中输入:cd.>example1_5.map

        在cmd中输入:cd data

        在cmd中输入:md raster

        修改web.config的内容如下

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <configuration>
        <system.webServer>
            <handlers>
                <add name="MapServerFastCgi" path="*" verb="*" type="" modules="FastCgiModule" 
            scriptProcessor
    ="E:SvnWorkspaceLY_WEB_GISranchesDocumentsms4w-mapserver-for-wimdows elease-1911-x64-gdal-2-3-3-mapserver-7-2-1inmapserv.exe"
            resourceType
    ="Unspecified" requireAccess="Script" allowPathInfo="false" preCondition="" /> </handlers> <caching enabled="true" enableKernelCache="true" /> </system.webServer> </configuration>

        将 app utorialfonts 中的所有内容拷贝到 appExample1.5fonts 文件夹中(字体文件)

        将 app utorialdata 中的 states_ugl.dbf、states_ugl.shp、states_ugl.shx 拷贝到  appExample1.5data 文件夹中(数据文件)

        将 app utorialsymbols 中的 symbols35.sym 拷贝到 appExample1.5symbols 文件夹中(符号文件)

        将 app utorialdata aster 中的 mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif、mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif 拷贝到 appExample1.5data aster 文件夹中(图层数据文件)

      2.在IIS中创建站点Example1.5

        应用程序池名称:Example1.5;站点端口:8015

      3.给应用程序池读写log文件夹权限

        在cmd中输入:icacls "E:SvnWorkspaceLY_WEB_GISranchesDocumentsms4w-mapserver-for-wimdows elease-1911-x64-gdal-2-3-3-mapserver-7-2-1appsExample1.5logs" /grant "IIS AppPoolExample1.5":(OI)(CI)RW

      4.修改example1_5.map文件

    # The annotated map file (sort of)
    # Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial
    # 20050408
    #
    # MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line
    # comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#".
    #
    # Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object.
    # Well, the entire map file is THE map object.  Enclosed between MAP and END
    # at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other
    # objects.
    MAP
      IMAGETYPE      PNG
      EXTENT         -97.238976 41.619778 -82.122902 49.385620
      SIZE           400 300
      SHAPEPATH      "./data"
      IMAGECOLOR     255 255 255
      FONTSET        "./fonts/fonts.list"
      SYMBOLSET      "./symbols/symbols35.sym"
    
      # Layer objects are defined beneath the map object.  You need at least one
              # layer defined in your map file before you can display a map...  You can
      # define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded
      # in map.h in the MapServer source.  The default limit is set at 100.  You'd
      # have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in
      # your application.
      #
      # Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS ---------------------------------------------
      LAYER # States polygon layer begins here
        NAME         states
        DATA         states_ugl
        STATUS       OFF
        TYPE         POLYGON
    
        # CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to
        # separate a layer into classes.  This attribute will be in the DBF file
        # of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format).  In this
        # example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database
        # (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS".  You will be
        # using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also
        # called themes) used in this layer--land and water.  CLASSITEM is used in
        # association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object.  See below.
        CLASSITEM    "CLASS"
    
        # The class object is defined within the layer object.  You can define as
        # many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's
        # senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer.  There are
        # situations, however, where you might have to do it.)
        CLASS
          NAME 'States'
          EXPRESSION 'land'
    
          # There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer,
          # just like there are layers in a map.  You can define multiple styles in
          # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple
          # layers in a map.
          STYLE
            COLOR      232 232 232
          END
        END
      END # States polygon layer ends here
    
      # In addition to vector data (shapefiles are vector data), MapServer supports
      # a host of raster formats.  In GIS world, one of the most common raster
      # formats is GeoTIFF, a TIFF image with geospatial headers.  MapServer also
      # supports JPEG, PNG, GIF, and other common formats.  Other raster formats
      # supported by MapServer include ESRI Arc/Info grid, HDF and HDF-EOS, NetCDF,
      # Generic raster binaries, OGC Web Map Service (WMS) layers, etc.  Pretty much
      # any raster format you can think of is probably supported, thanks to the
      # impressive Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL, pronounced "GOODALL"
      # or GOODLE?).  More information on GDAL is available at http://www.gdal.org.
      #
      # MapServer 4.x can read and display bitmapped (like GIFs), RGB/A (true
      # color), and multispectral (images with more than 3 bands, like raw LandSat
      # images) rasters.
      LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here
        NAME         modis
        DATA         "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif"
        STATUS       OFF
        TYPE         RASTER
        PROCESSING   "BANDS=1,2,3"
        OFFSITE      71 74 65
      END # MODIS raster layer ends here
    
      LAYER # States line layer begins here
        NAME         states_line
        DATA         states_ugl
        STATUS       OFF
        TYPE         LINE
    
        CLASSITEM    "CLASS"
        CLASS
          NAME       'State Boundary'
          EXPRESSION 'land'
          STYLE
            SYMBOL     'line5'
            COLOR      64 64 64
            SIZE       1
          END
        END
      END # States line layer ends here
    
      # Labels can be defined in its own layer.  This is useful if, say, you want
      # to label a polygon layer that's covered by another layer.  By keeping the
      # label separate from the polygon and placing it near the bottom of the map
      # file (so its drawn on, or near the, top), you can still see the label even
      # though you might not be able to see the polygon.  It is also a good
      # alternate to point symbols.
      #
      # A label layer is actually defined with ANNOTATION type (This is derived from
      # points, Node IDs for lines, or polygon IDs).
      LAYER # States label layer begins here
        NAME         states_label
        DATA         states_ugl
        STATUS       OFF
        TYPE         POLYGON           #ANNOTATION 此类型的LAYER已经被移除。此处需要表达的是标签,请查看上一章《MapServer Tutorial——MapServer7.2.1教程学习——第一节用例实践:Example 1.4 Labeling the Map
                         #LAYER 官网:https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/layer.html ,定位到 TYPE 对象处查看。 CLASSITEM "CLASS" # Just like CLASSITEM, LABELITEM defines the database attribute that you # will be using to draw labels. In this case, the values of the attribute # "STATE" will be used to label the states polygons. LABELITEM "STATE" CLASS EXPRESSION 'land' STYLE COLOR -1 -1 -1 END # There can be labels in a class, just like there are classes in a layer, # just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple labels in # a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple # layers in a map. # MapServer has a very flexible labeling system. With that flexibility # comes complexity, specially when using truetype fonts. Please read # through the LABEL section of the MapServer map file documentation at # http://www.mapserver.org/mapfile for more information. LABEL COLOR 132 31 31 #SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 # deprecated, use STYLE and GEOMTRANSFORM #SHADOWSIZE 2 2 # deprecated, use STYLE and GEOMTRANSFORM TYPE TRUETYPE FONT arial-bold SIZE 12 ANTIALIAS TRUE POSITION CL PARTIALS FALSE MINDISTANCE 300 BUFFER 4 END # end of label END # end of class END # States label layer ends here # End of LAYER DEFINITIONS ------------------------------- DEBUG 5 CONFIG "MS_ERRORFILE" "logsms.log" END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to...

       5.浏览查看

        在浏览器中输入:http://localhost:8015/mapserv?map=../apps/Example1.5/example1_5.map&layer=states&layer=modis&layer=states_line&layer=states_label&mode=map

        

    三、MapFile文件解析

      1.文件结构

                                                 MAP
                 LAYER #1-------------LAYER #2----|----LAYER #3--------LAYER #4
              (states)              (modis)       (states_line)   (states_label)
                 |                                     |               |
    (land) CLASS-|-CLASS (water)                       |-CLASS         |-CLASS
              |     |                                     |               |
        STYLE-|     |-STYLE                               |-STYLE   STYLE-|-LABEL

         当前案例分为四个图层:

        • tsates用来展示几何区域
        • modis展示tiff图像文件,栅格数据
        • states_line展示的是CLASSITEM=CLASS,EXPRESSION=land 的线条数据,其中线条符号为 line5 
    # 12
    Symbol
    NAME 'line5'
    Type VECTOR
    TRANSPARENT 0
    Points
    1 0
    0 1
    0 1
    1 0
    END
    END 

    #line的数据类型为 VECTOR 矢量数据,详情请看:https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/symbology/construction.html中 Symbols of TYPE vector and ellipse
    #同时,请查看:https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/symbol.html
    #此处可以理解为构建了一个矢量区域,有个坐标系,点(1,0)、(0,1)、(0,1)、(1,0)画了一个矩形,然而此矩形看起来没有宽度,长为 2 的开方(三角形勾股定理)
    #同时,将这个矢量矩形(看起来就是短的线)中心基于 dbf 数据中 CLASS = land 的 POLYGON 中的点数据来展示,这样看起来就给 land 外面画了一个线。

      2.对象参数解释

        IMAGETYPE

          MapServer生成输出数据的格式。在cmd中输入:mapserv -v 查看。值PNG是值输出24位PNG或真色PNG。

        SYMBOLSET

          SYMBOL集合的文件位置。可以使绝对路径,也可以是和mapfile(example1_5.map)的相对路径。字符集位置。可以先了解一下SYMBOL,资料如下:

          SYMBOL的讲解:https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/symbol.html

          创建字符集文件:https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/symbology/construction.html

        DATA raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif

          在NAME为modis的图层中,添加的是一个GeoTIFF图层数据。MapServer支持矢量数据和栅格数据。这个图层为栅格类型。这个图层是通过GDAL的库来完成支持的。MapSeerver上不同的栅格支持和生成请查看:https://www.mapserver.org/input/raster.html#raster

          modis数据了解请进:https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/

        TYPE RASTER

          在NAME为modis的图层中,当前LAYER的数据类型。此处使用的是RASTER。同时在LAYER中,MapServer还支持POLYGON,LINE,POINT,LABEL中支持ANNOTATION等。

        PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"

          这个位置我觉得很难理解。查了相关资料。大概意思是,MapServer调用GDAL库来处理tiff图像,并输出显示。

          PROCESSING表示进程。根据进程值来决定调用那个库。请查看:https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/layer.html 中PROCESSING 段落。

          BANDS表示波段,GDAL源码中通过RasterIO来读取波段数据。

          TIFF文件时位图,在windows中的存储格式为BGR,然后MapServer根据参数调用时,对参数做了调整顺序的相关处理。1,2,3表示Red,Green和blue三种波段选择。

          具体的我也不大清楚,总之尝试后,发现1,2,3在浏览器中显示的是和直接看到tiff相差不远,只是灰色的底色变成白色的。

          同时也请查看:https://www.mapserver.org/input/raster.html 中 BANDS=red_or_grey[,green,blue[,alpha]] 处的解释。

        OFFSITE

          设置当前LAYER层的背景颜值组成。(Sets the color index to treat as transparent for raster layers.)

          告诉MapServer按照像素值渲染背景(或忽略)。

          想了半天没弄懂,最后乱改这个值也没发现什么。知道读到or ignore之后。忽略,这个tif文件正好背景颜色值RGB是:71 74 65 ,是否设置OFFSITE值和背景颜色值一样时,做忽略处理。

          但是在设置为其他颜色值时,却还是显示当前tif文件的背景颜色。这就十分尴尬了,是否是因为当前tif文件有背景颜色,然后将OFFSITE设置的颜色给覆盖了。

          颜色组成分多种形式,当前案例是:Indexed Color Image(伪彩色图像)。还有:RGB、RGBA等。

    四、RGB vs Indexed Color Image 真彩色和伪彩色的对比

      1.关于伪彩色,可以查看:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed_color

      2.修改mapfile的相关配置,将

    DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif"
    STATUS DEFAULT
    TYPE RASTER
    PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"
    OFFSITE 71 74 65

       修改为

    DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif"
    STATUS DEFAULT
    TYPE RASTER
    OFFSITE 70 74 66

      看看效果

      显示的效果已经改变。去掉GDAL的程序处理后,也不显示背景色了。

    五、后记

      感觉模拟样例做一个很简单,但是弄清楚相关的mapfile对象却很头痛,涉及的知识点太多,不理解的位置太多。比如:OFFSITE就不动。继续深入学习,相信随着了解的越来越多,就会知道其作用。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/eshinex/p/10291336.html
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