• C#委托,事件理解入门 (译稿)


    原文地址:http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/4773/Events-and-Delegates-Simplified

    引用翻译地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/finesite/articles/255884.html

    目录

    1. 导论
    2. 什么是委托
    3. 事件的理解
    4. 事件关键字
    5. 最后

    1. 导论

    在学习C#中的委托和事件过程中,我读了许多文章来理解他们二者究竟是怎么一回事,以及如何使用他们,现在我将整个的理解过程陈述以下,我学到的每一方面,恐怕也是你们需要掌握的:-)。

    2. 什么是委托?

    委托和事件这两个概念是完全配合的。委托仅仅是函数指针,那就是说,它能够引用函数,通过传递地址的机制完成。
    委托是一个类,当你对它实例化时,要提供一个引用函数,将其作为它构造函数的参数。
    每一个委托都有自己的签名,例如:

    1 Delegate int SomeDelegate(string s,bool b);

    是一个委托申明,在这里,提及的签名,就是说SomeDelegate这个委托有string和bool类型的形参,返回一个int类型。
    上面提及的:当你对委托实例化时,要提供一个引用函数,将其作为它构造函数的参数。这里要注意了:被引用的这个函数必须和委托有相同的签名。
    看下面的函数:

    1 private int SomeFunction(string str,bool bln){...}

    你可以把这个函数传给SomeDelegate的构造函数,因为他们有相似的签名(换句话说,他们都有相同的形参类型和个数,并且返回相同的数据类型)。

    1 SomeDelegate sd = new SomeDelegate(SomeFunction);

    sd引用了SomeFunction,也就是说,SomeFunction已被sd所登记注册,如果你调用sd,SomeFunction这个函数也会被调用,记住:我所说SomeFunction的含义,后面,我们会用到它。
    现在,你应该知道如何使用委托了,让我们继续理解事件之旅……

    3. 事件的理解

    我们知道,在C#中:

    • 按钮(Button)就是一个类,当我们单击它时,就触发一次click事件。
    • 时钟(Timer)也是一个类,每过一毫秒,就触发一次tick事件。

    让我们通过一个例子来学习,假定有这样的情节:

    现在有一个Counter的类,它有一个方法CountTo(int countTo,int reachableNum),该方法表示:在指定的时间段内(0到countTo),当到达指定的时间点reachableNum时,就触发一次NumberReached事件。

    它还有一个事件:NumberReached,事件是委托类型的变量。意思是:如果给事件命名,用event关键字和要使用的委托类型申明它即可,如下所示:

    1 public event NumberReachedEventHandler NumberReached;

    在上面的申明中,NumberReachedEventHandle仅是一个委托,更确切的表示应该是:NumberReachedDelegate。但是微软从不这样认为MouseDelegate或者PaintDelegate... 而是称谓:MouseEventHandler或者PaintEventHandler。所以NumberReachedEventHandler比NumberReachedDelegate听起来更方便一些,OK?好了!

    让我们继续,现在你知道了,在我们声明事件之前,需要象下面这样的形式来定义委托:

    1 public delegate void NumberReachedEventHandler(object sender,NumberReachedEventArgs e);

    现在声明的委托NumberReachedEventHandle,它有一个void返回值,和object,NumberReachedEventArgs两个形参。就像我们在第一节中强调的那样,当实例化委托时,作为实参传入的函数也必须拥有和委托同样的签名。
    在你的代码中,你是否用过PaintEventArgs或者MouseEventArgs来确定鼠标的移动位置?是否在触发Paint事件的对象中用过Graphics属性?实际上,为用户提供数据的类都是继承于System.EventArgs类,就是我们常说的事件参数类,如果事件不提供参数,就不定义该类。在我们的例子中,我们通过下面的类提供预期的时间点。

     1     public class NumberReachedEventArgs : EventArgs
     2     {
     3         private int _reached;
     4         public NumberReachedEventArgs(int num)
     5         {
     6             this._reached = num;
     7         }
     8         public int ReachedNumber
     9         {
    10             get
    11             {
    12                 return _reached;
    13             }
    14         }
    15     }

    好,有了前面的介绍,让我们到Counter类里面看看:

     1 namespace Events
     2 {
     3     public delegate void NumberReachedEventHandler(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e);
     4     /// <summary>
     5     /// Summary description for Counter.
     6     /// </summary>
     7     public class Counter
     8     {
     9         public event NumberReachedEventHandler NumberReached;
    10         public Counter()
    11         {
    12             //
    13             // TODO: Add constructor logic here
    14             //
    15         }
    16         public void CountTo(int countTo, int reachableNum)
    17         {
    18             if (countTo < reachableNum)
    19                 throw new ArgumentException("reachableNum should be less than countTo");
    20             for (int ctr = 0; ctr <= countTo; ctr++)
    21             {
    22                 if (ctr == reachableNum)
    23                 {
    24                     NumberReachedEventArgs e = new NumberReachedEventArgs(reachableNum);
    25                     OnNumberReached(e);
    26                     return;//don't count any more
    27                 }
    28             }
    29         }
    30         protected virtual void OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)
    31         {
    32             if (NumberReached != null)
    33             {
    34                 NumberReached(this, e);//Raise the event
    35             }
    36         }
    37     }
    38 }

    在Counter中,如果到达指定的时间点,就触发一次事件,有以下几个方面需要注意:

    • 通过调用NumberReached(它是NumberReachedEventHandler委托的实例)来完成一次触发事件。
    • NumberReached(this,e);通过这种方式,可以调用所有的注册函数。
    • 通过NumberReachedEventArgs e=new NumberReachedEventArgs(reachableNum);为所有的注册函数提供事件数据。

    看了上面的代码,你可能要问了:为什么我们直接用OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)方法来调用NumberReached(this,e),而不用下面的代码呢?

     1 if(ctr == reachableNum)
     2 {
     3     NumberReachedEventArgs e = new NumberReachedEventArgs(reachableNum);
     4     //OnNumberReached(e);
     5     if(NumberReached != null)
     6     {
     7         NumberReached(this, e);//Raise the event
     8     }
     9     return;//don't count any more
    10 }

    这个问题问得很好,那就让我们再看一下OnNumberReached 签名:
    protected virtual void OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)
    ①你也明白 关键字protected限定了 只有从该类继承的类才能调用该类中的所有方法。
    ②关键字 virtual 表明了 在继承类中可以重写该方法。
    这两点非常有用,假设你在写一个从Counter继承而来的类,通过重写OnNumberReached 方法,你可以在事件触发之前,进行一次其他的工作。

    1 protected override void OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)
    2 {
    3     //Do additional work
    4     base.OnNumberReached(e);
    5 }

    注意:如果你没有调用base.OnNumberReached(e), 那么从不会触发这个事件!在你继承该类而想剔出它的一些其他事件时,使用该方式是非常有用的。
    还要注意到:委托 NumberReachedEventHandler 是在类定义的外部,命名空间内定义的,对所有类来说是可见的。
    好,该我们来实际操作使用Counter类了。
    在我们简单的应用程序中,我们有两个文本框,分别是:txtCountTo和txtReachable:

    下面是btnRun的click事件:

     1        private void btnRun_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
     2        {
     3            if(txtCountTo.Text == "" || txtReachable.Text=="")
     4            return;
     5            oCounter.CountTo(Convert.ToInt32(txtCountTo.Text), Convert.ToInt32(txtReachable.Text));
     6        }
     7 
     8        private void oCounter_NumberReached(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e)
     9        {
    10            MessageBox.Show("Reached: " + e.ReachedNumber.ToString());
    11        }

    初始化事件处理的语法如下:

    1 oCounter = new Counter();
    2 oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached);

    现在你明白了你刚才所做的一切,仅仅初始化 NumberReachedEventHandler 委托类型的对象(就像你实例化其他对象一样),注意到 oCounter_NumberReached 方法的签名与我前面提到的相似。
    还要注意我们用的是+= 而不是=;这是因为委托是特殊的对象,它可以引用多个对象(在这里是指它可以引用多个函数)。For example 如果有另外一个和oCounter_NumberReached一样具有相同签名的函数oCounter_NumberReached2,这两个函数都可以被引用:
    oCounter = new Counter();
    oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached);
    oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached2);
    现在,触发一个事件后,上面两个函数被依次调用。
    视情况而定,如果你想让oCounter_NumberReached2在NumberReached事件发生后不再被调用,可以简单地这样写:
    oCounter.NumberReached -= new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached2);

    5. 最后

    让我们看一下完整的源代码,以供参考:

     1 using System;
     2 
     3 namespace Events
     4 {
     5     public delegate void NumberReachedEventHandler(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e);
     6 
     7     /// <summary>
     8     /// Summary description for Counter.
     9     /// </summary>
    10     public class Counter
    11     {
    12         public event NumberReachedEventHandler NumberReached;
    13         
    14         public Counter()
    15         {
    16             //
    17             // TODO: Add constructor logic here
    18             //
    19         }
    20         public void CountTo(int countTo, int reachableNum)
    21         {
    22             if(countTo < reachableNum)
    23                 throw new ArgumentException("reachableNum should be less than countTo");
    24             for(int ctr=0;ctr<=countTo;ctr++)
    25             {
    26                 if(ctr == reachableNum)
    27                 {
    28                     NumberReachedEventArgs e = new NumberReachedEventArgs(reachableNum);
    29                     OnNumberReached(e);
    30                     return;//don't count any more
    31                 }
    32             }
    33         }
    34 
    35         protected virtual void OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)
    36         {
    37             if(NumberReached!=null)
    38             {
    39                 NumberReached(this, e);
    40             }
    41         }
    42     }
    43 
    44     public class NumberReachedEventArgs : EventArgs
    45     {
    46         private int _reached;
    47         public NumberReachedEventArgs(int num)
    48         {
    49             this._reached = num;
    50         }
    51         public int ReachedNumber
    52         {
    53             get
    54             {
    55                 return _reached;
    56             }
    57         }
    58     }
    59 }
      1 using System;
      2 using System.Drawing;
      3 using System.Collections;
      4 using System.ComponentModel;
      5 using System.Windows.Forms;
      6 using System.Data;
      7 
      8 namespace Events
      9 {
     10     /// <summary>
     11     /// Summary description for Form1.
     12     /// </summary>
     13     public class Form1 : System.Windows.Forms.Form
     14     {
     15         Counter oCounter = null;
     16 
     17         private System.Windows.Forms.Button cmdRun;
     18         private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtReachable;
     19         private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtCountTo;
     20         private System.Windows.Forms.Label label1;
     21         private System.Windows.Forms.Label label2;
     22         private System.Windows.Forms.Button btnRemoveDelegate;
     23         /// <summary>
     24         /// Required designer variable.
     25         /// </summary>
     26         private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null;
     27 
     28         public Form1()
     29         {
     30             //
     31             // Required for Windows Form Designer support
     32             //
     33             InitializeComponent();
     34 
     35             //
     36             // TODO: Add any constructor code after InitializeComponent call
     37             //
     38             oCounter = new Counter();
     39             oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached);
     40             oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached2);
     41         }
     42 
     43         /// <summary>
     44         /// Clean up any resources being used.
     45         /// </summary>
     46         protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
     47         {
     48             if( disposing )
     49             {
     50                 if (components != null) 
     51                 {
     52                     components.Dispose();
     53                 }
     54             }
     55             base.Dispose( disposing );
     56         }
     57 
     58         #region Windows Form Designer generated code
     59         /// <summary>
     60         /// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
     61         /// the contents of this method with the code editor.
     62         /// </summary>
     63         private void InitializeComponent()
     64         {
     65             this.cmdRun = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
     66             this.txtReachable = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
     67             this.txtCountTo = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
     68             this.label1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
     69             this.label2 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
     70             this.btnRemoveDelegate = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
     71             this.SuspendLayout();
     72             // 
     73             // cmdRun
     74             // 
     75             this.cmdRun.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16, 72);
     76             this.cmdRun.Name = "cmdRun";
     77             this.cmdRun.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(48, 23);
     78             this.cmdRun.TabIndex = 2;
     79             this.cmdRun.Text = "Run";
     80             this.cmdRun.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.cmdRun_Click);
     81             // 
     82             // txtReachable
     83             // 
     84             this.txtReachable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(144, 40);
     85             this.txtReachable.Name = "txtReachable";
     86             this.txtReachable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(56, 20);
     87             this.txtReachable.TabIndex = 1;
     88             this.txtReachable.Text = "";
     89             // 
     90             // txtCountTo
     91             // 
     92             this.txtCountTo.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(144, 16);
     93             this.txtCountTo.Name = "txtCountTo";
     94             this.txtCountTo.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(56, 20);
     95             this.txtCountTo.TabIndex = 0;
     96             this.txtCountTo.Text = "";
     97             // 
     98             // label1
     99             // 
    100             this.label1.AutoSize = true;
    101             this.label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16, 16);
    102             this.label1.Name = "label1";
    103             this.label1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(51, 13);
    104             this.label1.TabIndex = 3;
    105             this.label1.Text = "Count To";
    106             // 
    107             // label2
    108             // 
    109             this.label2.AutoSize = true;
    110             this.label2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16, 40);
    111             this.label2.Name = "label2";
    112             this.label2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(99, 13);
    113             this.label2.TabIndex = 4;
    114             this.label2.Text = "Reach this number";
    115             // 
    116             // btnRemoveDelegate
    117             // 
    118             this.btnRemoveDelegate.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16, 104);
    119             this.btnRemoveDelegate.Name = "btnRemoveDelegate";
    120             this.btnRemoveDelegate.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(168, 23);
    121             this.btnRemoveDelegate.TabIndex = 5;
    122             this.btnRemoveDelegate.Text = "Remove second handler";
    123             this.btnRemoveDelegate.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.btnRemoveDelegate_Click);
    124             // 
    125             // Form1
    126             // 
    127             this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size(5, 13);
    128             this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(224, 134);
    129             this.Controls.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.Control[] {
    130                                                                           this.btnRemoveDelegate,
    131                                                                           this.label2,
    132                                                                           this.label1,
    133                                                                           this.txtCountTo,
    134                                                                           this.txtReachable,
    135                                                                           this.cmdRun});
    136             this.Name = "Form1";
    137             this.Text = "Events";
    138             this.ResumeLayout(false);
    139 
    140         }
    141         #endregion
    142 
    143         /// <summary>
    144         /// The main entry point for the application.
    145         /// </summary>
    146         [STAThread]
    147         static void Main() 
    148         {
    149             Application.Run(new Form1());
    150         }
    151 
    152         private void cmdRun_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
    153         {
    154             if(txtCountTo.Text == "" || txtReachable.Text=="")
    155                 return;
    156             oCounter.CountTo(Convert.ToInt32(txtCountTo.Text), Convert.ToInt32(txtReachable.Text));
    157         }
    158 
    159         private void oCounter_NumberReached(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e)
    160         {
    161             MessageBox.Show("Reached: " + e.ReachedNumber.ToString());
    162         }
    163         private void oCounter_NumberReached2(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e)
    164         {
    165             MessageBox.Show("Reached2: " + e.ReachedNumber.ToString());
    166         }
    167 
    168         private void btnRemoveDelegate_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
    169         {
    170             oCounter.NumberReached -= new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached2);
    171             oCounter.CountTo(Convert.ToInt32(txtCountTo.Text), Convert.ToInt32(txtReachable.Text));
    172         }
    173     }
    174 }
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/duanyong/p/5523880.html
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