• ORM鲜为人知的操作


    Django ORM执行原生SQL :

    # extra
    # 在QuerySet的基础上继续执行子语句
    # extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
    
    # select和select_params是一组,where和params是一组,tables用来设置from哪个表
    # Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
    # Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
    # Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
    # Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
    
    举个例子:
    models.UserInfo.objects.extra(
                        select={'newid':'select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>%s'},
                        select_params=[1,],
                        where = ['age>%s'],
                        params=[18,],
                        order_by=['-age'],
                        tables=['app01_usertype']
                    )
                    """
                    select 
                        app01_userinfo.id,
                        (select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>1) as newid
                    from app01_userinfo,app01_usertype
                    where 
                        app01_userinfo.age > 18
                    order by 
                        app01_userinfo.age desc
                    """
    
    
    # 执行原生SQL
    # 更高灵活度的方式执行原生SQL语句
    # from django.db import connection, connections
    # cursor = connection.cursor()  # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
    # cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
    # row = cursor.fetchone()
    
    
    ORM 执行原生SQL的方法
    View Code

    QuerySet方法大全 : 

    ##################################################################
    # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
    ##################################################################
    
    def all(self)
        # 获取所有的数据对象
    
    def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)
        # 条件查询
        # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q
    
    def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)
        # 条件查询
        # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q
    
    def select_related(self, *fields)
        性能相关:表之间进行join连表操作,一次性获取关联的数据。
    
        总结:
        1. select_related主要针一对一和多对一关系进行优化。
        2. select_related使用SQL的JOIN语句进行优化,通过减少SQL查询的次数来进行优化、提高性能。
    
    def prefetch_related(self, *lookups)
        性能相关:多表连表操作时速度会慢,使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。
    
        总结:
        1. 对于多对多字段(ManyToManyField)和一对多字段,可以使用prefetch_related()来进行优化。
        2. prefetch_related()的优化方式是分别查询每个表,然后用Python处理他们之间的关系。
    
    def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)
        # 用于实现聚合group by查询
    
        from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
    
        v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))
        # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id
    
        v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)
        # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
    
        v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)
        # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
    
    def distinct(self, *field_names)
        # 用于distinct去重
        models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct()
        # select distinct nid from userinfo
    
        注:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重
    
    def order_by(self, *field_names)
        # 用于排序
        models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age')
    
    def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
        # 构造额外的查询条件或者映射,如:子查询
    
        Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
        Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
        Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
        Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
    
     def reverse(self):
        # 倒序
        models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse()
        # 注:如果存在order_by,reverse则是倒序,如果多个排序则一一倒序
    
    
     def defer(self, *fields):
        models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')
        或
        models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')
        #映射中排除某列数据
    
     def only(self, *fields):
        #仅取某个表中的数据
         models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')
         或
         models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id')
    
     def using(self, alias):
         指定使用的数据库,参数为别名(setting中的设置)
    
    
    ##################################################
    # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
    ##################################################
    
    def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):
        # 执行原生SQL
        models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo')
    
        # 如果SQL是其他表时,必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名
        models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表')
    
        # 为原生SQL设置参数
        models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,])
    
        # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名
        name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'}
        Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map)
    
        # 指定数据库
        models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default")
    
        ################### 原生SQL ###################
        from django.db import connection, connections
        cursor = connection.cursor()  # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
        cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
        row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)
    
    
    def values(self, *fields):
        # 获取每行数据为字典格式
    
    def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):
        # 获取每行数据为元祖
    
    def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
        # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容
        # kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日)
        # order只能是:"ASC"  "DESC"
        # 并获取转换后的时间
            - year : 年-01-01
            - month: 年-月-01
            - day  : 年-月-日
    
        models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC')
    
    def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):
        # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容,将时间转换为指定时区时间
        # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"
        # order只能是:"ASC"  "DESC"
        # tzinfo时区对象
        models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
        models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai'))
    
        """
        pip3 install pytz
        import pytz
        pytz.all_timezones
        pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’)
        """
    
    def none(self):
        # 空QuerySet对象
    
    
    ####################################
    # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
    ####################################
    
    def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
       # 聚合函数,获取字典类型聚合结果
       from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
       result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid'))
       ===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4}
    
    def count(self):
       # 获取个数
    
    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
       # 获取单个对象
    
    def create(self, **kwargs):
       # 创建对象
    
    def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):
        # 批量插入
        # batch_size表示一次插入的个数
        objs = [
            models.DDD(name='r11'),
            models.DDD(name='r22')
        ]
        models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)
    
    def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
        # 如果存在,则获取,否则,创建
        # defaults 指定创建时,其他字段的值
        obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2})
    
    def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
        # 如果存在,则更新,否则,创建
        # defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段
        obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1})
    
    def first(self):
       # 获取第一个
    
    def last(self):
       # 获取最后一个
    
    def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):
       # 根据主键ID进行查找
       id_list = [11,21,31]
       models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list)
    
    def delete(self):
       # 删除
    
    def update(self, **kwargs):
        # 更新
    
    def exists(self):
       # 是否有结果
    
    
    QuerySet方法大全
    View Code

    Django终端打印SQL语句 :

    在Django项目setting.py文件中, 写如下代码 :

    LOGGING = {
        'version': 1,
        'disable_existing_loggers': False,
        'handlers': {
            'console':{
                'level':'DEBUG',
                'class':'logging.StreamHandler',
            },
        },
        'loggers': {
            'django.db.backends': {
                'handlers': ['console'],
                'propagate': True,
                'level':'DEBUG',
            },
        }
    }

    即为你的Django项目配置上一个名为django.db.backends的logger实例即可查看翻译后的SQL语句


    Python脚本中调用Django环境 :

    import os
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "BMS.settings")
        import django
        django.setup()
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/dong-/p/9783104.html
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