• SQL语句中的select高级用法


    #转载请联系

    为了更好的了解下面的知识点,我们先创建两张表并插入数据。

    # 学生表
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
    |  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    |  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
    | 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
    | 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
    | 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
    | 13 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 ||      4 |           |
    | 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    
    #班级表
    +----+------+
    | id | name |
    +----+------+
    |  1 | 1班  |
    |  2 | 2班  |
    +----+------+
    • as关键字

    as关键字可以给表和字段起别名,可以让表更加易读,或者写sql语句时更加方便。

    # as 关键字给字段起别名,让查询到的表更加直观
    mysql> select name as '名字',age as '年龄' from students;
    +-----------+--------+
    | 名字      | 年龄   |
    +-----------+--------+
    | 小明      |     18 |
    | 小月月    |     18 |
    | 彭于晏    |     29 |
    | 刘德华    |     59 |
    | 黄蓉      |     38 |
    | 凤姐      |     28 |
    | 王祖贤    |     18 |
    | 周杰伦    |     36 |
    | 程坤      |     27 |
    | 刘亦菲    |     25 |
    | 金星      |     33 |
    | 静香      |     12 |
    | 郭靖      |     12 |
    | 周杰      |     34 |
    +-----------+--------+
    # as 关键词给表起别名
    mysql> select s.name,s.age from students as s;
    +-----------+------+
    | name      | age  |
    +-----------+------+
    | 小明      |   18 |
    | 小月月    |   18 |
    | 彭于晏    |   29 |
    | 刘德华    |   59 |
    | 黄蓉      |   38 |
    | 凤姐      |   28 |
    | 王祖贤    |   18 |
    | 周杰伦    |   36 |
    | 程坤      |   27 |
    | 刘亦菲    |   25 |
    | 金星      |   33 |
    | 静香      |   12 |
    | 郭靖      |   12 |
    | 周杰      |   34 |
    +-----------+------+
    # 上面两个例子的用法结合使用
    mysql> select s.name as '名字',s.age as '年龄' from students as s;
    +-----------+--------+
    | 名字      | 年龄   |
    +-----------+--------+
    | 小明      |     18 |
    | 小月月    |     18 |
    | 彭于晏    |     29 |
    | 刘德华    |     59 |
    | 黄蓉      |     38 |
    | 凤姐      |     28 |
    | 王祖贤    |     18 |
    | 周杰伦    |     36 |
    | 程坤      |     27 |
    | 刘亦菲    |     25 |
    | 金星      |     33 |
    | 静香      |     12 |
    | 郭靖      |     12 |
    | 周杰      |     34 |
    +-----------+--------+
    • distinct关键词

    distinct关键词可以消除重复行。

    mysql> select distinct gender from students;
    +--------+
    | gender |
    +--------+
    ||
    ||
    | 保密   |
    | 中性   |
    +--------+
    • 比较运算符
    1. 等于: =
    2. 大于: >
    3. 大于等于: >=
    4. 小于: <
    5. 小于等于: <=
    6. 不等于: != 或 <>
    mysql> select * from students where age>18;
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    |  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
    | 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
    | 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
    | 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    • 逻辑运算符
    1. and
    2. or
    3. not

    优先级:小括号 > 算术运算符 > 比较运算符 > not > and > or

    # 找出除了18岁以上女性的全部人信息
    mysql> select * from students where not (age>18 and gender='');
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
    |  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    |  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
    | 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
    | 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
    | 13 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 ||      4 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    • 模糊查询
    1. like
    2. %表示任意多个任意字符
    3. _表示一个任意字符
    # 查找姓周的全部同学
    mysql> select * from students where name like '周%';
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    | 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    # 查找姓周,且名字只有一个字的同学
    mysql> select * from students where name like '周_';
    +----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name   | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | 14 | 周杰   |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
    +----+--------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    # 查找姓名中 包含 "杰" 字的所有名字
    mysql> select * from students where name like '%杰%';
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    | 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    • 范围查询
    1. in用在一个非连续的范围内
    2. between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
    # 查找id是1.3.5.7的同学
    mysql> select * from students where id in (1,3,5,7);
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    # 查找id为1-8的同学
    mysql> select * from students where id between 1 and 8;
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
    |  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    • 空判断
    1. 判空 is null
    2. 判非空 is not null
    # 查找身高为空的同学
    mysql> select * from students where height is null;
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    # 查找填了身高信息的女性
    mysql> select * from students where height is not null and gender=2;
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
    | 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
    | 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
    | 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    • 排序
    1. 将行数据按照列1进行排序,如果某些行 列1 的值相同时,则按照 列2 排序,以此类推
    2. asc从小到大排列,即升序
    3. desc从大到小排序,即降序
    4. 默认按照列值从小到大排列(即asc关键字)
    # 所有学生信息先按照年龄从大到小排序,当年龄相同时 按照身高从高到矮排序
    mysql> select * from students order by age desc,height desc;
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    | 14 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 ||      5 |           |
    | 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
    |  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
    |  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
    | 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
    |  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
    | 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
    | 13 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 ||      4 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    • 分页
    select * from students limit start=0,count  # start=可省略
    1. 从start开始,获取count条数据
    2. start默认值为0
    # 年龄从小到大,前6个作为第一页
    mysql> select * from students order by age asc limit 0,6;
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 ||      4 |           |
    | 13 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 ||      4 |           |
    |  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
    | 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    # 注意:在sql语句中limit后不可以直接加公式
    • 聚合函数
    1. 聚合函数,aggregation function,又称为组函数。默认情况下 聚合函数会对当前所在表当做一个组进行统计。
    2. count(*) 计算总行数
    3. max(列) 表示求此列的最大值
    4. min(列)表示求此列的最小值
    5. sum(列)表示求此列的和
    6. avg(列)表示求此列的平均值
    # 计算出全班同学的平均年龄
    mysql> select avg(age) as '平均年龄' from students;
    +--------------+
    | 平均年龄     |
    +--------------+
    |      27.6429 |
    +--------------+
    • 分组 (第一part)
    1. 所谓的分组就是将一个“数据集”划分成若干个“小区域”,然后针对若干个“小区域”进行更精细化的处理。 
    2. group by的含义:将查询结果按照1个或多个字段进行分组,字段值相同的为一组
    3. group by可用于单个字段分组,也可用于多个字段分组
    # 性别分组
    mysql> select gender from students group by gender;
    +--------+
    | gender |
    +--------+
    ||
    ||
    | 中性   |
    | 保密   |
    +--------+
    # 查询各个性别的平均年龄和平均身高,并保持两位小数。
    mysql> select gender,round(avg(age),2),round(avg(height),2) from students group by gender;
    +--------+-------------------+----------------------+
    | gender | round(avg(age),2) | round(avg(height),2) |
    +--------+-------------------+----------------------+
    ||             32.60 |               177.75 |
    ||             23.29 |               173.43 |
    | 中性   |             33.00 |               162.00 |
    | 保密   |             28.00 |               150.00 |
    +--------+-------------------+----------------------+
    • 分组 (第二part)
    1. group by + group concat():group_concat(字段名)根据分组结果,使用group_concat()来放置每一个分组中某字段的集合
    2. group by + having:having 条件表达式用来过滤分组结果。having作用和where类似,但having只能用于group by,而where是用来过滤表数据的。
    # 查找各个性别分组里有哪些同学
    mysql> select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;
    +--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    | gender | group_concat(name)                                        |
    +--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    || 彭于晏,刘德华,周杰伦,程坤,郭靖                            |
    || 小明,小月月,黄蓉,王祖贤,刘亦菲,静香,周杰                  |
    | 中性   | 金星                                                      |
    | 保密   | 凤姐                                                      |
    +--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
    # 按性别分组,分别统计出平均年龄超过30岁的组的性别以及姓名
    mysql> select gender,avg(age),group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;
    +--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
    | gender | avg(age) | group_concat(name)                          |
    +--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
    ||  32.6000 | 彭于晏,刘德华,周杰伦,程坤,郭靖              |
    | 中性   |  33.0000 | 金星                                        |
    +--------+----------+---------------------------------------------+
    • 子查询

    在一个 select 语句中,嵌入了另外一个 select 语句,那么被嵌入的 select 语句称之为子查询语句,外部那个select语句则称为主查询。

    1. 标量子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一个数据(一行一列)
    2. 列子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一列(一列多行)
    3. 行子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一行(一行多列)
    4. 表子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一个临时表(多行多列)
    # 标量子查询,子查询返回的结果是一个数据
    # 查找大于班级平均年龄的同学的信息 mysql
    > select * from students where age>(select avg(age) from students); +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | age | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+ | 3 | 彭于晏 | 29 | 185.00 || 1 | | | 4 | 刘德华 | 59 | 175.00 || 2 |  | | 5 | 黄蓉 | 38 | 160.00 || 1 | | | 6 | 凤姐 | 28 | 150.00 | 保密 | 2 |  | | 8 | 周杰伦 | 36 | NULL || 1 | | | 11 | 金星 | 33 | 162.00 | 中性 | 3 |  | | 14 | 周杰 | 34 | 176.00 || 5 | | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    # 列子查询 子查询返回的结果是一列
    # 查找有对应班级的学生的全部信息
    mysql> select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
    |  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
    |  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 ||      1 |          |
    |  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL ||      1 |           |
    |  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 ||      2 |           |
    | 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 ||      2 |           |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    # 行子查询 子查询返回的结果是一行
    # 查找出年龄最大,而且身高最高的那个人。 mysql
    > select * from students where (age,height)=(select max(age),max(height) from students); Empty set (0.00 sec)
    # 表子查询 子查询返回的是一个表
    # 查找学号小于6的男同学
    mysql> select * from (select * from students where id<6) as a where a.gender=1;
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    | id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    |  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 ||      1 |           |
    |  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 ||      2 |          |
    +----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
    
    # 注意:子查询返回的表是一个临时表,所以一定要用as关键词起个别名
    SELECT select_expr [,select_expr,...] [      
          FROM tb_name
          [JOIN 表名]
          [ON 连接条件] 
          [WHERE 条件判断]
          [GROUP BY {col_name | postion} [ASC | DESC], ...] 
          [HAVING WHERE 条件判断]
          [ORDER BY {col_name|expr|postion} [ASC | DESC], ...]
          [ LIMIT {[offset,]rowcount | row_count OFFSET offset}]
    ]
    
    
    # 精简版
    select distinct *
    from 表名
    where ....
    group by ... having ...
    order by ...
    limit start,count
    
    
    #执行顺序
    from 表名
    where ....
    group by ...
    select distinct *
    having ...
    order by ...
    limit start,count

    end~~~

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/chichung/p/9585127.html
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