• Flask详解


    Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,然后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时,需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。

    “微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实可以 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。

    默认情况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。

    pip3 install flask
    
    from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
    
    @Request.application
    def hello(request):
        return Response('Hello World!')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
        run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
    werkzeug

    一. 基本使用

    from flask import Flask
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    @app.route('/')
    def hello_world():
        return 'Hello World!'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    flask添加装饰器

    from flask import Flask
    import functools
    
    def auth(func):
        @functools.wraps(func) # 保留函数的元信息
        def inner(*args,**kwargs):
            print('before')
            ret = func(*args,**kwargs)
            print('after')
            return ret
        return inner
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    @app.route('/index')
    @auth
    def index():
        print('index')
        return 'index'
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    指定端口号

    from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    
    @Request.application
    def hello(request):
        # ...
        # Flask框架
        #
        return Response('Hello World!')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
    
        run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello) # hello()

    示例:before_request和after_request

    from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    app.secret_key = '39jrlasdfoajslfu8af'
    
    # [b1,b2]
    @app.before_request
    def b1():
        print('b1')
        return 'gun'
    
    
    @app.before_request
    def b2():
        print('b2')
    
    # [a1,a2] -> [a2,a1]
    @app.after_request
    def a1(response):
        print('a1')
        return response
    
    @app.after_request
    def a2(response):
        print('a2')
        return response
    
    
    @app.route('/index')
    def index():
        print('index')
        return 'index'
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    基于装饰器做用户认证

    from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = '39jrlasdfoajslfu8af'
    import functools
    
    def auth(func):
        @functools.wraps(func) # 保留函数的元信息  一定要记得添加这行代码
        def inner(*args,**kwargs):
            if not session.get('user_info'):
                return redirect('/login')
            ret = func(*args,**kwargs)
            return ret
        return inner
    
    
    @app.route('/login',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def login():
        if request.method == 'GET':
            return render_template('login.html')
    
        user = request.form.get('user')
        pwd = request.form.get('pwd')
        if user == 'xiao' and pwd == 'xiao':
            session['user_info'] = user
            return redirect('/index')
        return render_template('login.html',msg="用户名或密码错误")
    
    
    @app.route('/index')
    @auth
    def index():
        kuang_list = [
            {'id':1,'name':'name1','address':'昌平'},
            {'id':2,'name':'name2','address':'昌平'},
            {'id':3,'name':'name3','address':'昌平'},
        ]
    
        return render_template('index.html',klist=kuang_list)
        # return render_template('index.html',**{'klist':kuang_list})
    
    @app.route('/detail')
    @auth
    def detail():
        nid = request.args.get('nid')
        return render_template('detail.html')
    
    @app.route('/logout')
    def logout():
        del session['user_info']
        return redirect('/login')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    基于before_request实现用户认证

    from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = '39jrlasdfoajslfu8af'
    
    @app.before_request
    def xxxxxxxxxxxxxx():
        if request.path == '/login':
            return None
    
        if not session.get('user_info'):
            return redirect('/login')
    
    @app.route('/login',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def login():
        print('我是login')
        if request.method == 'GET':
            return render_template('login.html')
        user = request.form.get('user')
        pwd = request.form.get('pwd')
        if user == 'xiao' and pwd == 'xiao':
            session['user_info'] = user
            return redirect('/index')
        return render_template('login.html',msg="用户名或密码错误")
    
    @app.route('/index')
    def index():
        print('我是index')
        kuang_list = [
            {'id':1,'name':'name1','address':'昌平'},
            {'id':2,'name':'name2','address':'昌平'},
            {'id':3,'name':'name3','address':'昌平'},
        ]
    
        return render_template('index.html',klist=kuang_list) # 这种传参方式,要注意
        # return render_template('index.html',**{'klist':kuang_list}) # 这种传参方式,要加**打散
    
    @app.route('/detail')
    def detail():
        nid = request.args.get('nid')
        return render_template('detail.html')
    
    
    @app.route('/logout')
    def logout():
        del session['user_info']
    
        return redirect('/login')
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    二、配置文件

        flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象(继承字典),默认配置为:
            {
                'DEBUG':                                get_debug_flag(default=False),  是否开启Debug模式
                'TESTING':                              False,                          是否开启测试模式
                'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS':                 None,                           
                'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION':        None,
                'SECRET_KEY':                           None,
                'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME':           timedelta(days=31),
                'USE_X_SENDFILE':                       False,
                'LOGGER_NAME':                          None,
                'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY':               'always',
                'SERVER_NAME':                          None,
                'APPLICATION_ROOT':                     None,
                'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME':                  'session',
                'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN':                None,
                'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH':                  None,
                'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY':              True,
                'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE':                False,
                'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST':         True,
                'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH':                   None,
                'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT':            timedelta(hours=12),
                'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS':              False,
                'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS':                 False,
                'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING':             False,
                'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME':                 'http',
                'JSON_AS_ASCII':                        True,
                'JSON_SORT_KEYS':                       True,
                'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR':          True,
                'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE':                     'application/json',
                'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD':                None,
            }
    
        方式一:
            app.config['DEBUG'] = True
    
            PS: 由于Config对象本质上是字典,所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)
    
        方式二:
            app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
                如:
                    settings.py
                        DEBUG = True
    
                    app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
    
            app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
                环境变量的值为python文件名称名称,内部调用from_pyfile方法
    
    
            app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
                JSON文件名称,必须是json格式,因为内部会执行json.loads
    
            app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
                字典格式
    
            app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")   # 写在flask启动的py文件里面进行配置版本
    
                app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
    
                settings.py
    
                    class Config(object):   # 基础版本
                        DEBUG = False
                        TESTING = False
                        DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
    
                    class ProductionConfig(Config):  # 生产环境,线下环境
                        DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
    
                    class DevelopmentConfig(Config):  # 开发环境
                        DEBUG = True
    
                    class TestingConfig(Config):   # 测试环境 各个环境下连接的数据库是不一样的
                        TESTING = True
    
                PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
            
    
            PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录,如果instance_relative_config为True,则就是instance_path目录

    三、路由系统

    • @app.route('/user/<username>')  # 传字符串   他们的内部都对应一个转换器
    • @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')   # 传数字
    • @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')  # 浮点数
    • @app.route('/post/<path:path>')   # 路径,拼url
    • @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']),method列表里面添加的允许的请求方式,如果不添加method列表,则只允许GET请求。

    常用路由系统有以上五种,所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理:

    DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {
        'default':          UnicodeConverter,
        'string':           UnicodeConverter,
        'any':              AnyConverter,
        'path':             PathConverter,
        'int':              IntegerConverter,
        'float':            FloatConverter,
        'uuid':             UUIDConverter,
    }
    
            def auth(func):
                def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                    print('before')
                    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                    print('after')
                    return result
    
            return inner
    
            @app.route('/index.html',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index')
            @auth
            def index():
                return 'Index'def index():
                return "Index"
    
            self.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
            or
            app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"])
            app.view_functions['index'] = index
    
    
            或
            def auth(func):
                def inner(*args, **kwargs):
                    print('before')
                    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
                    print('after')
                    return result
    
            return inner
    
            class IndexView(views.View):
                methods = ['GET']
                decorators = [auth, ]
    
                def dispatch_request(self):
                    print('Index')
                    return 'Index!'
    
            app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
    class IndexView(views.MethodView):
                methods = ['GET']
                decorators = [auth, ]
    
                def get(self):
                    return 'Index.GET'
    
                def post(self):
                    return 'Index.POST'
    
    
            app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index'))  # name=endpoint
    
    
    
    
            @app.route和app.add_url_rule参数:
                rule,                       URL规则
                view_func,                  视图函数名称
                defaults=None,              默认值,当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数
                endpoint=None,              名称,用于反向生成URL,即: url_for('名称')
                methods=None,               允许的请求方式,如:["GET","POST"]
                
    
                strict_slashes=None,        对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求,
                                            如:
                                                @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False),
                                                    访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可
                                                @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True)
                                                    仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index 
                redirect_to=None,           重定向到指定地址
                                            如:
                                                @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>')
                                                或
                                                def func(adapter, nid):
                                                    return "/home/888"
                                                @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func)
                subdomain=None,             子域名访问
                                                    from flask import Flask, views, url_for
    
                                                    app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
                                                    app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
    
    
                                                    @app.route("/", subdomain="admin")
                                                    def static_index():
                                                        """Flask supports static subdomains
                                                        This is available at static.your-domain.tld"""
                                                        return "static.your-domain.tld"
    
    
                                                    @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>")
                                                    def username_index(username):
                                                        """Dynamic subdomains are also supported
                                                        Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic"""
                                                        return username + ".your-domain.tld"
    
    
                                                    if __name__ == '__main__':
                                                        app.run()
            
    a.注册路由原理
               from flask import Flask, views, url_for
                from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
    
                app = Flask(import_name=__name__)
    
    
                class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
                    """
                    自定义URL匹配正则表达式
                    """
                    def __init__(self, map, regex):
                        super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
                        self.regex = regex
    
                    def to_python(self, value):
                        """
                        路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
                        :param value: 
                        :return: 
                        """
                        return int(value)
    
                    def to_url(self, value):
                        """
                        使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
                        :param value: 
                        :return: 
                        """
                        val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
                        return val
    
                # 添加到flask中
                app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
    
    
                @app.route('/index/<regex("d+"):nid>')
                def index(nid):
                    print(url_for('index', nid='888'))
                    return 'Index'
    
    
                if __name__ == '__main__':
                    app.run()
    b. 自定制正则路由匹配
    app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter
    # 这个写在启动py文件里,告诉flask我自己要定义一个路由转换器啦,名字叫regex
    # 转换器对应的类就是RegexConverter
    
    
    
    class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
        """
        自定义URL匹配正则表达式
        """
        def __init__(self, map, regex):# 参数regex接收传过来的nid参数
            super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
            self.regex = regex
    
        def to_python(self, value):
            """
            路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
            :param value:
            :return:
            """
            return int(value)
    
        def to_url(self, value):
            """
            使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
            :param value:
            :return:
            """
            val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
            return val
    
    app.url_map.converters['xxx'] = RegexConverter
    
    @app.route('/index/<xxx("d+"):nid>',methods=['GET','POST'])  # 定义好转换器之后,就这样写了。
    def index(nid):
        print(nid,type(nid))
        v = url_for('index',nid=999) # /index/999
        print(v)
        return "Index"

    添加路由的两种方式

    # 路由方式一(*):
    @app.route('/index',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def index():
        return "Index"
    
    # 路由方式二:
    def order():
        return 'Order'
    
    app.add_url_rule('/order',view_func=order)

    反向生成url

    @app.route('/index',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='n1')  # endpoint 给路由起别名。如果不起别名,就用函数名
    def index():
        v1 = url_for('n1')
        v2 = url_for('login')   # url_for 反向生成url
        v3 = url_for('logout')
        print(v1,v2,v3)
        return "Index"
    
    @app.route('/login',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def login():
        return "login"
    
    @app.route('/logout',methods=['GET','POST'])
    def logout():
        return "logout"

    四、模板

    1、模板的使用

    Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,所以其语法和Django无差别

    2、自定义模板方法

    Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似,创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template,如:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <head lang="en">
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>自定义函数</h1>
        {{ww()|safe}}
    
    </body>
    </html>
    html
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from flask import Flask,render_template
    app = Flask(__name__)
     
     
    def wupeiqi():
        return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'
     
    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi)
     
    app.run()
    run.py
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Title</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    
    
        {% macro input(name, type='text', value='') %}
            <input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}">
        {% endmacro %}
    
        {{ input('n1') }}
    
        {% include 'tp.html' %}
    
        <h1>asdf{{ v.k1}}</h1>
    </body>
    </html>
    其他

    注意:Markup等价django的mark_safe

    五、请求和响应

    from flask import Flask
    from flask import request
    from flask import render_template
    from flask import redirect
    from flask import make_response
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    
    
    @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
    def login():
    
        # 请求相关信息
        # request.method  请求的方法
        # request.args    获取GET请求的内容
        # request.args.get("id")    获取id的值
        # request.args。getlist('ids')    获取多个值
    
        # data = request.args
        # data_dict = data.to_dict()  通过to_dict()方法转化成字典
    
        # request.remote_addr  获取ip
    
        # request.form    获取POST请求的值,获取form表单里面的内容
        # request.values  所有的请求参数
        # request.cookies 获取cookies
        # request.headers 获取headers信息,是个list
        # request.path    仅获取端口号和参数中间的路由  /testrequest
        # request.full_path
        # request.script_root 什么都没获取到
        # request.url     获取完整的url,带参数 http://192.168.1.183:5000/testrequest?a&b
        # request.base_url 获取除参数外的url部分 http://192.168.1.183:5000/testrequest
        # request.url_root 仅获取地址和端口号 http://192.168.1.183:5000/
        # request.host_url
        # request.host
        # request.files 随请求上传的文件
        # obj = request.files['the_file_name']
        # obj.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
    
        # request.data 是请求的数据
    
    
        # 响应相关信息
        # return "字符串" 实际上是调用make_response
        # return render_template('html模板路径',**{}) **{'obj':obj}形式
        # return render_template('html模板路径',obj=obj)
        # return redirect('/index.html')
        # return jsonify(**{'obj':obj})  返回json数据  from flask import jsonify
    
        # response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))
        # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
        # response.delete_cookie('key')
        # response.set_cookie('key', 'value')
        # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
        # return response
    
    
        return "内容"
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

    六、Session

    除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。

    • 设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'

    • 删除:session.pop('username', None)
    from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
     
    app = Flask(__name__)
     
    @app.route('/')
    def index():
        if 'username' in session:
            return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])
        return 'You are not logged in'
     
    @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
    def login():
        if request.method == 'POST':
            session['username'] = request.form['username']
            return redirect(url_for('index'))
        return '''
            <form action="" method="post">
                <p><input type=text name=username>
                <p><input type=submit value=Login>
            </form>
        '''
     
    @app.route('/logout')
    def logout():
        # remove the username from the session if it's there
        session.pop('username', None)
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
     
    # set the secret key.  keep this really secret:
    app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
    基本使用
            pip3 install Flask-Session
            
            run.py
                from flask import Flask
                from flask import session
                from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface
                app = Flask(__name__)
    
                app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
                app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
    
                @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"])
                def login():
                    print(session)
                    session['user1'] = 'alex'
                    session['user2'] = 'alex'
                    del session['user2']
    
                    return "内容"
    
                if __name__ == '__main__':
                    app.run()
    
            session.py
                #!/usr/bin/env python
                # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
                import uuid
                import json
                from flask.sessions import SessionInterface
                from flask.sessions import SessionMixin
                from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes
    
    
                class MySession(dict, SessionMixin):
                    def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None):
                        self.sid = sid
                        self.initial = initial
                        super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ())
    
    
                    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                        super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value)
    
                    def __getitem__(self, item):
                        return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item)
    
                    def __delitem__(self, key):
                        super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key)
    
    
    
                class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface):
                    session_class = MySession
                    container = {}
    
                    def __init__(self):
                        import redis
                        self.redis = redis.Redis()
    
                    def _generate_sid(self):
                        return str(uuid.uuid4())
    
                    def _get_signer(self, app):
                        if not app.secret_key:
                            return None
                        return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session',
                                      key_derivation='hmac')
    
                    def open_session(self, app, request):
                        """
                        程序刚启动时执行,需要返回一个session对象
                        """
                        sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name)
                        if not sid:
                            sid = self._generate_sid()
                            return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
                        signer = self._get_signer(app)
                        try:
                            sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid)
                            sid = sid_as_bytes.decode()
                        except BadSignature:
                            sid = self._generate_sid()
                            return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
                        # session保存在redis中
                        # val = self.redis.get(sid)
                        # session保存在内存中
                        val = self.container.get(sid)
    
                        if val is not None:
                            try:
                                data = json.loads(val)
                                return self.session_class(data, sid=sid)
                            except:
                                return self.session_class(sid=sid)
                        return self.session_class(sid=sid)
    
                    def save_session(self, app, session, response):
                        """
                        程序结束前执行,可以保存session中所有的值
                        如:
                            保存到resit
                            写入到用户cookie
                        """
                        domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
                        path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
                        httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
                        secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
                        expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
    
                        val = json.dumps(dict(session))
    
                        # session保存在redis中
                        # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime)
                        # session保存在内存中
                        self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val)
    
                        session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid))
    
                        response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id,
                                            expires=expires, httponly=httponly,
                                            domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
    自定义Session
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    """
    pip3 install redis
    pip3 install flask-session
    
    """
    
    
    from flask import Flask, session, redirect
    from flask.ext.session import Session
    
    
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.debug = True
    app.secret_key = 'asdfasdfasd'
    
    
    app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
    from redis import Redis
    app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379')
    Session(app)
    
    
    @app.route('/login')
    def login():
        session['username'] = 'alex'
        return redirect('/index')
    
    
    @app.route('/index')
    def index():
        name = session['username']
        return name
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    第三方session

    七、蓝图

    蓝图用于为应用提供目录划分:

    小型应用程序:示例

    大型应用程序:示例

    其他:

    • 蓝图URL前缀:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,url_prefix='/xxx')
    • 蓝图子域名:xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,subdomain='admin')
      # 前提需要给配置SERVER_NAME: app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
      # 访问时:admin.wupeiqi.com:5000/login.html

    八、message

    message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合,其特点是:使用一次就删除。闪现

            from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request, get_flashed_messages
    
            app = Flask(__name__)
            app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
    
    
            @app.route('/')
            def index1():
                messages = get_flashed_messages()
                print(messages)
                return "Index1"
    
    
            @app.route('/set')
            def index2():
                v = request.args.get('p')
                flash(v)
                return 'ok'
    
    
            if __name__ == "__main__":
                app.run()
    View Code

    九、中间件

    from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
     
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = 'some_secret'
     
    @app.route('/')
    def index1():
        return render_template('index.html')
     
    @app.route('/set')
    def index2():
        v = request.args.get('p')
        flash(v)
        return 'ok'
     
    class MiddleWare:
        def __init__(self,wsgi_app):
            self.wsgi_app = wsgi_app
     
        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     
            return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs)
     
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)
        app.run(port=9999)
    View Code

    十、请求扩展

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from flask import Flask, Request, render_template
    
    app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates')
    app.debug = True
    
    
    @app.before_first_request
    def before_first_request1():
        print('before_first_request1')
    
    
    @app.before_first_request
    def before_first_request2():
        print('before_first_request2')
    
    
    @app.before_request
    def before_request1():
        Request.nnn = 123
        print('before_request1')
    
    
    @app.before_request
    def before_request2():
        print('before_request2')
    
    
    @app.after_request
    def after_request1(response):
        print('before_request1', response)
        return response
    
    
    @app.after_request
    def after_request2(response):
        print('before_request2', response)
        return response
    
    
    @app.errorhandler(404)
    def page_not_found(error):
        return 'This page does not exist', 404
    
    
    @app.template_global()
    def sb(a1, a2):
        return a1 + a2
    
    
    @app.template_filter()
    def db(a1, a2, a3):
        return a1 + a2 + a3
    
    
    @app.route('/')
    def hello_world():
        return render_template('hello.html')
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()
    View Code
    调用方式:{{sb(1,2)}}  {{ 1|db(2,3)}}

    十一、Flask插件

    • WTForms    
    • SQLAchemy
    • 等...    http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/

    补充:

    pip install pipreqs
    安装这个模块之后项目里会自动生成一个requirements.txt文件,里面显示的是这个项目安装的模块及其版本信息。
    生成依赖文件requirements.txt 命令: pipreqs ./ (./表示当前文件)
    安装依赖文件requirements.txt 命令: pip install -r requirements.txt
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/aaronthon/p/9362895.html
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