• Django补充——中间件、请求的生命周期等


    一:中间件

    django 中的中间件(middleware),在django中,中间件其实就是一个类,在请求到来和结束后,django会根据自己的规则在合适的时机执行中间件中相应的方法。

    在django项目的settings模块中,有一个 MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES 变量,其中每一个元素就是一个中间件,如下图。

    与mange.py在同一目录下的文件夹 wupeiqi/middleware下的auth.py文件中的Authentication类

    中间件中可以定义四个方法,分别是:

    • process_request(self,request)
    • process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
    • process_template_response(self,request,response)
    • process_exception(self, request, exception)
    • process_response(self, request, response)

    以上方法的返回值可以是None和HttpResonse对象,如果是None,则继续按照django定义的规则向下执行,如果是HttpResonse对象,则直接将该对象返回给用户。

     

    自定义中间件:

    1、创建中间件类

    class RequestExeute(object):
          
        def process_request(self,request):
            pass
        def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
            i =1
            pass
        def process_exception(self, request, exception):
            pass
          
        def process_response(self, request, response):
            return response
    """
    class M1(MiddlewareMixin):
    
        def process_request(self,request):
            print('m1.process_request')
    
        def process_view(self,request, view_func, view_func_args, view_func_kwargs):
            print('m1.process_view')
    
        def process_exception(self,request,exception):
            print('m1.process_exception')
    
        def process_response(self,request,response):
            print('m1.process_response')
            return response
    
        def process_template_response(self,request,response):
            print('m1.process_template_response')
            return response
    
    class M2(MiddlewareMixin):
        def process_request(self, request):
            print('m2.process_request')
    
        def process_view(self, request, view_func, view_func_args, view_func_kwargs):
            print('M2.process_view')
    
        def process_exception(self,request,exception):
            print('m2.process_exception')
            return HttpResponse('开发的程序员已经被打死')
        def process_response(self, request, response):
            print('m2.process_response')
            return response
    
        def process_template_response(self,request,response):
            print('m2.process_template_response')
            return response
    """
    from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse,redirect
    class MiddlewareMixin(object):
        def __init__(self, get_response=None):
            self.get_response = get_response
            super(MiddlewareMixin, self).__init__()
    
        def __call__(self, request):
            response = None
            if hasattr(self, 'process_request'):
                response = self.process_request(request)
            if not response:
                response = self.get_response(request)
            if hasattr(self, 'process_response'):
                response = self.process_response(request, response)
            return response
    
    class M1(MiddlewareMixin):
    
        def process_response(self, request, response):
            print('m2.process_response')
            return response
    
    
    class M2(MiddlewareMixin):
        def process_request(self, request):
            print('m2.process_request')
    两种方式

    2、注册中间件

    MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
        'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
        'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
        'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
        'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware',
        'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
        'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
        'wupeiqi.middleware.auth.RequestExeute', #在合适的位置引入
       'md.middleware.M1',
       'md.middleware.M2',
    )

    二、 Http请求本质

      Django程序:socket服务端

        a. 服务端监听IP和端口
        c. 接受请求
           :请求头和请求体
          
          &
          request.POST
          request.GET
        d. 响应:
          响应头: location:www.oldboyedu.com
          响应体
        e. 断开连接

      浏览器: socket客户端

        b. 浏览器发送:
          GET请求:
            "GET /index.html http1.1 User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x6.. Accept-Encoding:gzip "
          POST请求:
            "POST /index.html http1.1 User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x6.. Accept-Encoding:gzip user=cqz&hobby=lihao"

        e. 断开连接

      COOKIE: 请求头和响应头中存在

    三、Django请求的生命周期

    wsgi    -> 中间件     -> 路由系统     -> 视图函数(ORM,Template,渲染)
      - wsgiref
      - uwsgi

    四、FBV和CBV

    1、FBV

    FBV(function base views) 就是在视图里使用函数处理请求。

    看代码:

    urls.py

    from django.conf.urls import url, include
    # from django.contrib import admin
    from mytest import views
     
    urlpatterns = [
        # url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
        url(r‘^index/‘, views.index),
    ]
    

    views.py

    from django.shortcuts import render
     
     
    def index(req):
        if req.method == ‘POST‘:
            print(‘method is :‘ + req.method)
        elif req.method == ‘GET‘:
            print(‘method is :‘ + req.method)
        return render(req, ‘index.html‘)
    

    注意此处定义的是函数【def index(req):】

    index.html

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>index</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <form action="" method="post">
            <input type="text" name="A" />
            <input type="submit" name="b" value="提交" />
        </form>
    </body>
    </html>
    

    2、CBV

    CBV(class base views) 就是在视图里使用类处理请求。

    将上述代码中的urls.py 修改为如下:

    from mytest import views
     
    urlpatterns = [
        # url(r‘^index/‘, views.index),
        url(r‘^index/‘, views.Index.as_view()),
    ]
    

    注:url(r‘^index/‘, views.Index.as_view()),  是固定用法。

    将上述代码中的views.py 修改为如下:

    from django.views import View
     
     
    class Index(View):
        def get(self, req):
            print(‘method is :‘ + req.method)
            return render(req, ‘index.html‘)
     
        def post(self, req):
            print(‘method is :‘ + req.method)
            return render(req, ‘index.html‘)
    

    3、装饰器的使用

    from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator

    3.1 在get,post方法上

    class LoginView(View):
        
        def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return super(LoginView,self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
        def get(self,request):
            return render(request,'login.html')
    
        @method_decorator(test)
        def post(self,request):
            # request.GET
            # request.POST # 请求头中的:content-type
            # request.body
            user = request.POST.get('user')
            pwd = request.POST.get('pwd')
            if user == 'alex' and pwd == "alex3714":
                # 生成随机字符串
                # 写浏览器cookie: session_id: 随机字符串
                # 写到服务端session:
                # {
                #     "随机字符串": {'user_info':'alex}
                # }
                request.session['user_info'] = "alex"
                return redirect('/index.html')
            return render(request, 'login.html')

    3.2 在dispatch方法上

    class LoginView(View):
    @method_decorator(test)
    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return super(LoginView,self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
    def get(self,request):
        return render(request,'login.html')
    
    
    def post(self,request):
        # request.GET
        # request.POST # 请求头中的:content-type
        # request.body
        user = request.POST.get('user')
        pwd = request.POST.get('pwd')
        if user == 'alex' and pwd == "alex3714":
            # 生成随机字符串
            # 写浏览器cookie: session_id: 随机字符串
            # 写到服务端session:
            # {
            #     "随机字符串": {'user_info':'alex}
            # }
            request.session['user_info'] = "alex"
            return redirect('/index.html')
        return render(request, 'login.html')
    View Code

    3.3 在类上

    @method_decorator(test,name='get')
    class LoginView(View):
        
        def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return super(LoginView,self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
        def get(self,request):
            return render(request,'login.html')
    
    
        def post(self,request):
            # request.GET
            # request.POST # 请求头中的:content-type
            # request.body
            user = request.POST.get('user')
            pwd = request.POST.get('pwd')
            if user == 'alex' and pwd == "alex3714":
                # 生成随机字符串
                # 写浏览器cookie: session_id: 随机字符串
                # 写到服务端session:
                # {
                #     "随机字符串": {'user_info':'alex}
                # }
                request.session['user_info'] = "alex"
                return redirect('/index.html')
            return render(request, 'login.html')

    特殊:CSRF Token只能加到dispatch

    from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt,csrf_protect
    class LoginView(View):
        @method_decorator(csrf_exempt)
        def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return super(LoginView,self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
        def get(self,request):
            return render(request,'login.html')
    
    
        def post(self,request):
            # request.GET
            # request.POST # 请求头中的:content-type
            # request.body
            user = request.POST.get('user')
            pwd = request.POST.get('pwd')
            if user == 'alex' and pwd == "alex3714":
                # 生成随机字符串
                # 写浏览器cookie: session_id: 随机字符串
                # 写到服务端session:
                # {
                #     "随机字符串": {'user_info':'alex}
                # }
                request.session['user_info'] = "alex"
                return redirect('/index.html')
            return render(request, 'login.html')
    View Code
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Vee-Wang/p/7553534.html
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