46. Permutations
- Total Accepted: 112369
- Total Submissions: 300018
- Difficulty: Medium
Given a collection of distinct numbers, return all possible permutations.
For example,[1,2,3]
have the following permutations:
[ [1,2,3], [1,3,2], [2,1,3], [2,3,1], [3,1,2], [3,2,1] ]
思路:回溯法,具体见代码。
方法一是递归的回溯法,比较典型。
方法二比方法一更加快,也更加巧妙。
方法三是递推的回溯法,比如[1,2,3]的结果:
1.有1个插入位置,只插入第1个元素:[1]
2.有2个插入位置,只插入第2个元素:
由[1]插入2变化而来:[2,1] [1,2]
3.有3个插入位置,只插入第3元素:
由[2,1]插入3变化而来:[3,2,1] [2,3,1] [2,1,3]
由[1,2]插入3变化而来:[3,1,2] [1,3,2] [1,2,3]
所以结果是[3,2,1] [2,3,1] [2,1,3] [3,1,2] [1,3,2] [1,2,3]
只要注意如何设定生成顺序,依次产生有效结果即可。
代码:
方法一:28 ms
1 class Solution { 2 public: 3 void permute(vector<vector<int> > &res,vector<int> nums,vector<int> v,unordered_set<int> used,int cur){ 4 if(cur==nums.size()){ 5 res.push_back(v); 6 return; 7 } 8 for(int i=0;i<nums.size();i++){ 9 if(used.erase(nums[i])){ 10 v.push_back(nums[i]); 11 permute(res,nums,v,used,cur+1); 12 v.pop_back(); 13 used.insert(nums[i]); 14 } 15 } 16 } 17 vector<vector<int> > permute(vector<int>& nums) { 18 unordered_set<int> used; 19 for(int i=0;i<nums.size();i++){ 20 used.insert(nums[i]); 21 } 22 vector<vector<int> > res; 23 vector<int> v; 24 permute(res,nums,v,used,0); 25 return res; 26 } 27 };
方法二:12 ms
参考https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/5881/my-elegant-recursive-c-solution-with-inline-explanation/2
1 class Solution { 2 public: 3 vector<vector<int> > permute(vector<int> &num) { 4 vector<vector<int> > result; 5 permuteRecursive(num, 0, result); 6 return result; 7 } 8 9 // permute num[begin..end] 10 // invariant: num[0..begin-1] have been fixed/permuted 11 void permuteRecursive(vector<int> &num, int begin, vector<vector<int> > &result) { 12 if (begin >= num.size()) { 13 // one permutation instance 14 result.push_back(num); 15 return; 16 } 17 18 for (int i = begin; i < num.size(); i++) { 19 swap(num[begin], num[i]); 20 permuteRecursive(num, begin + 1, result); 21 // reset 22 swap(num[begin], num[i]); 23 } 24 } 25 };
方法三:40 ms
1 class Solution { 2 public: 3 vector<vector<int> > permute(vector<int>& nums) { 4 vector<vector<int> > res; 5 vector<int> v(1,nums[0]); 6 res.push_back(v); 7 for(int i=1;i<nums.size();i++){ 8 int size=res.size(); 9 for(int j=0;j<size;j++){ 10 v=res[0]; 11 res.erase(res.begin()); 12 for(int k=0;k<=v.size();k++){ 13 v.insert(v.begin()+k,nums[i]); 14 res.push_back(v); 15 v.erase(v.begin()+k); 16 } 17 } 18 } 19 return res; 20 } 21 };