• 在Debian 4.0rc3上编译内核2.6.24时加入Layer7模块笔记[防火墙中在TCP/IP第七层Layer7应用层阻挡QQ,MSN等软件的应用]


    作者:何祖彬[RobinHe] Mail:zubin.he@gmail.com
    始于2008年8月3日 上午
    版本号:KernelLayer7-V1.0-20080803,2008年8月3日首版

    转载请注明出处,本文也是采用两篇网友的大部分内容,因此转载时,请也将下面“参考文章”的出处也一并加入!谢谢!
    本文中难免有不足、遗漏、错别字和句子不通之处,如发现、或者有更新改变之处,请与我联系以及时修正和完善!

    系统信息:
    OS : Debian 4.0 rc3

    使用说明:
    绿色加粗字体的绝大部分是输入的命令和系统输出显示的结果。

    参考文章:
    實作 Layer 7 封包過濾
    http://ms.ntcb.edu.tw/~steven/article/kernel-layer7-filter.htm
    Thank for Steven!

    Debian Linux系统编译内核标准方式介绍
    http://tech.itzero.com/2008/0728/article_38241.html

    升级、编译自己的内核—— Debian篇
    http://fanqiang.chinaunix.net/system/linux/2005-05-02/3211.shtml


    第一步,要下载和安装要用的工具及相关软件:

    #apt-get install debhelper modutils kernel-package libncurses5-dev fakeroot
    #apt-get install gcc g++ make

    注意:
    因为Debian系统的内核编译跟Redhat有所不同,它在编译的时候会需要make-kpkg和fakeroot[可选]命令,因此需要安装以上的软件包才行!

    我为了安装mysql、php、apache等软件还要装以及相关的软件以及常用的工具
    #apt-get install vim elinks gcc g++ make libncurses5-dev libpng12-dev libjpeg62-dev zlib1g-dev libxml2-dev


    第二步,下载并解开所需的源代码软件到相应的位置:

    要编译内核并加入layer7模块,必须需要以下的软件的源代码:

    linux kernel source
    iptables source
    l7-filter patch
    l7-filter protocols
    我选用的以上软件的版本如下:

    kernel:2.6.24
    iptables:1.4.0
    l7-filter patch:2.17
    l7-filter protocols:2008-02-20
    完整下载如下:

    root # wget http://www.cnblogs.com/1327/admin/ftp://ftp.tw.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2root # wget http://www.cnblogs.com/1327/admin/ftp://ftp.netfilter.org/pub/iptables/iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gzroot # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz或者直接从我们自已的服务器下载全部的压缩包:
    http://pt.cjcht.com:85/l7.tar.gz    //文件大小有60MB左右,还有包括两个新版的软件,我暂时没用,有空可以自已试试,就用Steven所使用的软件版本!

    #cd /usr/local/src
    #wget http://pt.cjcht.com:85/l7.tar.gz
    #tar -zxvf l7.tar.gz

    按我的习惯,将这些软件解压到:/usr/local/src/Layer7下面:

    因为是编译新的内核,我习惯将编译内核的源代码放在/usr/src下面,并建一个新的目录kernels,觉得Steven的习惯不错,以后也养成这个习惯!

    #cd /usr/src
    #mkdir kernels
    #cd kernels

    解开要用的软件包到 /usr/src/kernels下面:

    #tar -zxvf /usr/local/src/Layer7/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2
    #tar -zxvf /usr/local/src/Layer7/iptables-1.4.0.tar.gz
    #tar -zxvf /usr/local/src/Layer7/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz
    #tar -zxvf /usr/local/src/Layer7/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz


    第三步,将Layer7加入新的内核中并进行编译:

    为了方便,做一个符号链接,并进入新内核源代码的目录:
    #ln -s linux-2.6.24 linux
    #cd linux

    如果你要用延续使用旧版本内核中的模块中的功能,你要将/boot/config-kernel-version文件copy到当前的内核目录,并命名为.config
    #cp /boot/config-2.6.18-6-686 ./.config

    为内核源代码打上layer7的补丁:
    #patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/kernel-2.6.22-2.6.24-layer7-2.17.patch
    结果如下:
    patching file net/netfilter/Kconfig
    patching file net/netfilter/Makefile
    patching file net/netfilter/xt_layer7.c
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.c
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.h
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regmagic.h
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regsub.c
    patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
    patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_standalone.c
    patching file include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h
    patching file include/linux/netfilter/xt_layer7.h

    为内核选择layer7及相关的模块:

    #make menuconfig
    选项如下:

     General setup  --->     [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers Networking  --->       Networking options  --->           [*] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter)  --->                 Core Netfilter Configuration  --->                     <M> Netfilter connection tracking support                     -*- Connection tracking flow accounting                     -*- Connection mark tracking support                     [*] Connection tracking security mark support                     [*] Connection tracking events (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M> SCTP protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M> UDP-Lite protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M> Amanda backup protocol support                     <M> FTP protocol support                     <M> H.323 protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M> IRC protocol support                     <M> NetBIOS name service protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M> PPtP protocol support                     <M> SANE protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M> SIP protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M> TFTP protocol support                     <M> Connection tracking netlink interface (EXPERIMENTAL)                     {M} Netfilter Xtables support (required for ip_tables)                     <M>   "CLASSIFY" target support                     <M>   "CONNMARK" target support                     <M>   "DSCP" target support                     <M>   "MARK" target support                     <M>   "NFQUEUE" target Support                     <M>   "NFLOG" target support                     <M>   "NOTRACK" target support                     <M>   "TRACE" target support                     <M>   "TRACE" target support                     <M>   "SECMARK" target support                     <M>   "CONNSECMARK" target support                     <M>   "TCPMSS" target support                     <M>   "comment" match support                     <M>   "connbytes" per-connection counter match support                     <M>   "connlimit" match support"                     <M>   "connmark" connection mark match support                     <M>   "conntrack" connection tracking match support                     <M>   "DCCP" protocol match support                     <M>   "DCCP" protocol match support                     <M>   "DSCP" match support                     <M>   "ESP" match support                     <M>   "helper" match support                     <M>   "length" match support                     <M>   "limit" match support                     <M>   "mac" address match support                     <M>   "mark" match support                     <M>   IPsec "policy" match support                     <M>   Multiple port match support                     <M>   "physdev" match support                     <M>   "pkttype" packet type match support                     <M>   "quota" match support                     <M>   "realm" match support                     <M>   "sctp" protocol match support (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M>   "state" match support                     <M>   "layer7" match support                     [*]     Layer 7 debugging output                     <M>   "statistic" match support                     <M>   "string" match support                     <M>   "tcpmss" match support                     <M>   "time" match support                     <M>   "u32" match support                     <M>   "hashlimit" match support                 IP: Netfilter Configuration  --->                     <M> IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT)                     [*]   proc/sysctl compatibility with old connection tracking (NEW                     <M> IP Userspace queueing via NETLINK (OBSOLETE)                     <M> IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT)                     <M>   IP range match support                     <M>   TOS match support                     <M>   recent match support                     <M>   ECN match support                     <M>   AH match support                     <M>   TTL match support                     <M>   Owner match support                     <M>   address type match support                     <M>   Packet filtering                     <M>     REJECT target support                     <M>   LOG target support                     <M>   ULOG target support                     <M>   Full NAT (NEW)                     <M>     MASQUERADE target support                     <M>     REDIRECT target support                     <M>     NETMAP target support                     <M>     SAME target support (OBSOLETE)                     <M>     Basic SNMP-ALG support (EXPERIMENTAL)                     <M>   Packet mangling                     <M>     TOS target support注意,刚开始时,我一直找不到:<M> "layer7" match support 和 [*] Layer 7 debugging output 这两个模块,浪费了很多时间,后来发现是因为这两个模块是属于:<> Netfilter connection tracking support 这个模块,因此得先选择<M> Netfilter connection tracking support 这样下面才有Layer7及相关模块!
    其中time模块就是可以通过iptables可以控制上网的时间等功能,就是时间控制的模块!

    一步一步的"EXIT"后,会提示你是否保存刚才的选择更改结果,我们选“YES”!

    注意:
    按以往Redhat或者其它版本的编译过程就得用make及要关命令来进行编译,但是在这里,我们需要用到Debian的专门工具make-kpkg,我想这个工具也是基于make,只是经过加工以方便Debian用户使用吧,因为Debian的启动内核参数跟别的系统有所差异!本文刚开始提到的安装那些软件包#apt-get install debhelper modutils kernel-package libncurses5-dev fakeroot就是为了这一步而做的!

    清除源码树并复原 kernel-package 参数
    #make-kpkg clean

    然后进行编译并生成.deb的包,以供安装时使用:
    #fakeroot make-kpkg --append_to_version -686 --initrd --revision=2.6.24 kernel_image modules_image

    说明:fakeroot是切换到root用户环境,如果你现在当前用户不是root,你要用这个命令,否则这个命令可以省!
    好像用make-kpkg这个命令在编译内核时比以往省了很多步骤!有空研究一下这东东!
    同时在做这一步时需要花挺长时间进行编译工作以及后期的工作,看你的机器配置而异!普通机器 1.7G 128M内存,得需要2小时,因此你现在可以喝杯茶,去做别的事了,我找一台C533,128MB的机器,好像编译花了6个多小时,郁闷呀...
    --revision=2.6.24  这个参数是指定新内核的版本号
    --append_to_version -686 这个参数是指定内核的子版本

    .........................

    喝茶,看电视球赛中...
    .........................

    哎,我的老电脑[Intel(R) Celeron(TM) CPU   1100MHz,128MB, 810主板]编译这一步,花了我3小时!

    编译完成后,在/usr/src/kernels下生成linux-image-2.6.24-686_2.6.24_i386.deb文件,即在 linux新内核的上一级目录!

    安装新的内核:
    #dpkg -i linux-image-2.6.24-686_2.6.24_i386.deb
    这时,会将新内核安装到相应的位置,同时会在/boot/grub/menu.lst增加新内核的条目:
    title           Debian GNU/Linux, kernel 2.6.24-686
    root            (hd0,0)
    kernel          /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-686 root=/dev/hda1 ro
    initrd          /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-686
    savedefault

    title           Debian GNU/Linux, kernel 2.6.24-686 (single-user mode)
    root            (hd0,0)
    kernel          /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-686 root=/dev/hda1 ro single
    initrd          /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-686
    savedefault

    这两条已经提到最前面,也就是说,如果我们没动这个文件的话,下次下机时,会去执行新的内核!


    第四步,为iptables打补丁,并安装之...

    进入iptables源代码目录:
    #cd /usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0

    为源代码打上补丁:
    #patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/iptables-1.4-for-kernel-2.6.20forward-layer7-2.17.patch
    结果如下:
    patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.c
    patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.man
    patching file extensions/.layer7-test

    设置KERNEL_DIR 与 IPTABLES_DIR 环境变量,并开始编译安装:
    #export KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/linux
    #export IPTABLES_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
    #chmod +x extensions/.layer7-test

    #make
    #make install

    安装Layer7第七层协议协议定义文件:     /*TCP/IP第七层就是应用层,就是针对网络应用软件的设计,比如QQ,MSN等...
    使用Layer模块时,请参考/etc/l7-protocols文件中的定义,各种协议,比如QQ,MSN的特征都在这个目下:

    #cd /usr/src/kernels/l7-protocols-2008-02-20/
    #make install
    执行结果:
    mkdir -p /etc/l7-protocols
    cp -R * /etc/l7-protocols

    看执行的结果就知道,它在做什么了!

    这样新的内核都弄好了,iptables也装好了,就可以重新开机了!
    重新开机后,就会执行新的内核和iptables,就可以测试它是否正常了!
    #shutdown -r now


    第五步,测试

    先测试Kernel和iptables的版本是不是我们刚才编译的那个:
    #uname -a
    Linux aaa.aa.com 2.6.241980 #1 SMP Sun Aug 3 09:43:54 CST 2008 i686 GNU/Linux
    #iptables -V
    iptables v1.4.0

    再测试iptables的layer7是否可用:
    # iptables -m layer7 --help
    iptables v1.4.0

    Usage: iptables -[AD] chain rule-specification [options]
           iptables -[RI] chain rulenum rule-specification [options]
           iptables -D chain rulenum [options]
           iptables -[LFZ] [chain] [options]
           iptables -[NX] chain
           iptables -E old-chain-name new-chain-name
           iptables -P chain target [options]
           iptables -h (print this help information)

    Commands:
    Either long or short options are allowed.
      --append  -A chain            Append to chain
      --delete  -D chain            Delete matching rule from chain
      --delete  -D chain rulenum
                                    Delete rule rulenum (1 = first) from chain
      --insert  -I chain [rulenum]
                                    Insert in chain as rulenum (default 1=first)
      --replace -R chain rulenum
                                    Replace rule rulenum (1 = first) in chain
      --list    -L [chain]          List the rules in a chain or all chains
      --flush   -F [chain]          Delete all rules in  chain or all chains
      --zero    -Z [chain]          Zero counters in chain or all chains
      --new     -N chain            Create a new user-defined chain
      --delete-chain
                -X [chain]          Delete a user-defined chain
      --policy  -P chain target
                                    Change policy on chain to target
      --rename-chain
                -E old-chain new-chain
                                    Change chain name, (moving any references)
    Options:
      --proto       -p [!] proto    protocol: by number or name, eg. `tcp'
      --source      -s [!] address[/mask]
                                    source specification
      --destination -d [!] address[/mask]
                                    destination specification
      --in-interface -i [!] input name[+]
                                    network interface name ([+] for wildcard)
      --jump        -j target
                                    target for rule (may load target extension)
      --goto      -g chain
                                  jump to chain with no return
      --match       -m match
                                    extended match (may load extension)
      --numeric     -n              numeric output of addresses and ports
      --out-interface -o [!] output name[+]
                                    network interface name ([+] for wildcard)
      --table       -t table        table to manipulate (default: `filter')
      --verbose     -v              verbose mode
      --line-numbers                print line numbers when listing
      --exact       -x              expand numbers (display exact values)
    [!] --fragment  -f              match second or further fragments only
      --modprobe=<command>          try to insert modules using this command
      --set-counters PKTS BYTES     set the counter during insert/append
    [!] --version   -V              print package version.

    LAYER7 match v1.4.0 options:
    --l7dir <directory>  : Look for patterns here instead of /etc/l7-protocols/
                           (--l7dir must be specified before --l7proto if used!)
    --l7proto [!] <name> : Match the protocol defined in /etc/l7-protocols/name.pat

    还没增加layer7模块前的情况如下:
    #iptables -m layer7 --help
    iptables v1.3.6: Couldn't load match `layer7':/lib/iptables/libipt_layer7.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

    Try `iptables -h' or 'iptables --help' for more information.


    说明一切正常。
    这时再测试一下能不能挡MSN和QQ[我们以这台机器为router为例,挡经过这个路由器的MSN和QQ封包]:

    MSN,QQ & bt:

    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP (禁止msn)
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP (禁止bt)
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto qq -j DROP (禁止QQ通讯)

    看一下结果:
    # iptables -L -t mangle
    Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination
    DROP       all  --  anywhere             anywhere            LAYER7 l7proto bittorrent
    DROP       all  --  anywhere             anywhere            LAYER7 l7proto qq
    DROP       all  --  anywhere             anywhere            LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger

    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination

    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination
    TCPMSS     tcp  --  anywhere             anywhere            tcp flags:SYN,RST/SYN tcpmss match 1400:1536 TCPMSS clamp to PMTU

    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination

    Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination


    再尝试一下登录一下你的MSN,QQ以及BT软件,如果不能上线,恭喜你,成功了...
    希望本文章能够帮到需要的网友们,晚安!

    祖彬于2008年8月3日午夜...
    本文终于2008年8月3日午夜

    睡了........
    到夜里12:00了...ZZZzzzzz~~zzz~zzzzZZZZ~~~!

    参考文章:

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    http://ms.ntcb.edu.tw/~steven/article/kernel-layer7-filter.htm

    實作 Layer 7 封包過濾

    參考資訊

        * L7-filter Kernel Version HOWTO
        * L7-filter 安裝實錄

    下載檔案

    要手動編譯新版本的核心並加入 layer7 封包過濾選項的話,需要俱備以下套件:

        * linux kernel source
        * iptables source
        * l7-filter patch
        * l7-filter protocols

    在本文當中,所重新編譯的版本如下:

        * kernel:2.6.24.4
        * iptables:1.4.0
        * l7-filter patch:2.17
        * l7-filter protocols:2008-02-20

    為了方便管理,把以上套件均放在 /usr/src/kernels。

    0001

       

    root # cd /usr/src/kernels/

    可以選擇任何可下載網路檔案的工具,如 lynx、wget,或 mozilla、firefox 等等工具下載,在此範例使用 wget,方法如下:

    root # wget http://www.cnblogs.com/1327/admin/ftp://ftp.tw.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2
    root # wget http://www.cnblogs.com/1327/admin/ftp://ftp.netfilter.org/pub/iptables/iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2
    root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz
    root # wget http://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/l7-filter/l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz

    將套件解壓縮。

    0001

       

    root # tar -jxvf linux-2.6.24.4.tar.bz2; tar -zxvf l7-protocols-2008-02-20.tar.gz; tar -zxvf netfilter-layer7-v2.17.tar.gz; tar -jxvf iptables-1.4.0.tar.bz2

    更新 kernel

    為了安裝方便,我們為 linux-2.6.24.4 這個目錄建位一個軟連結,以便切換目錄。

    更新 kernel patch,增加 layer7 filter 選項。


    root # ln -s linux-2.6.24.4 linux; cd linux

    若您想延續使用舊版 kernel 的選項的話,您可以把 .config 檔案複制到新 kernel 的目錄下,此時重新選擇項目時就會延用之前的設定。

    為 kernel source 上 layer7 的 patch。


    root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/kernel-2.6.22-2.6.24-layer7-2.17.patch
    patching file net/netfilter/Kconfig
    patching file net/netfilter/Makefile
    patching file net/netfilter/xt_layer7.c
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.c
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regexp.h
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regmagic.h
    patching file net/netfilter/regexp/regsub.c
    patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
    patching file net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_standalone.c
    patching file include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h
    patching file include/linux/netfilter/xt_layer7.h

    選擇 layer 7 相關選項

    在 kernel 選項裡,需要把相關的設定選擇起來才可以,以下為完整有關 layer 7 的項目。

    root # make menuconfig
     General setup  --->
         [*] Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
     Networking  --->
           Networking options  --->
               [*] Network packet filtering framework (Netfilter)  --->
                     Core Netfilter Configuration  --->
                         <M> Netfilter connection tracking support
                         -*- Connection tracking flow accounting
                         -*- Connection mark tracking support
                         [*] Connection tracking security mark support
                         [*] Connection tracking events (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> SCTP protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> UDP-Lite protocol connection tracking support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> Amanda backup protocol support
                         <M> FTP protocol support
                         <M> H.323 protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> IRC protocol support
                         <M> NetBIOS name service protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> PPtP protocol support
                         <M> SANE protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> SIP protocol support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M> TFTP protocol support
                         <M> Connection tracking netlink interface (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         {M} Netfilter Xtables support (required for ip_tables)
                         <M>   "CLASSIFY" target support
                         <M>   "CONNMARK" target support
                         <M>   "DSCP" target support
                         <M>   "MARK" target support
                         <M>   "NFQUEUE" target Support
                         <M>   "NFLOG" target support
                         <M>   "NOTRACK" target support
                         <M>   "TRACE" target support
                         <M>   "TRACE" target support
                         <M>   "SECMARK" target support
                         <M>   "CONNSECMARK" target support
                         <M>   "TCPMSS" target support
                         <M>   "comment" match support
                         <M>   "connbytes" per-connection counter match support
                         <M>   "connlimit" match support"
                         <M>   "connmark" connection mark match support
                         <M>   "conntrack" connection tracking match support
                         <M>   "DCCP" protocol match support
                         <M>   "DCCP" protocol match support
                         <M>   "DSCP" match support
                         <M>   "ESP" match support
                         <M>   "helper" match support
                         <M>   "length" match support
                         <M>   "limit" match support
                         <M>   "mac" address match support
                         <M>   "mark" match support
                         <M>   IPsec "policy" match support
                         <M>   Multiple port match support
                         <M>   "physdev" match support
                         <M>   "pkttype" packet type match support
                         <M>   "quota" match support
                         <M>   "realm" match support
                         <M>   "sctp" protocol match support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M>   "state" match support
                         <M>   "layer7" match support
                         [*]     Layer 7 debugging output
                         <M>   "statistic" match support
                         <M>   "string" match support
                         <M>   "tcpmss" match support
                         <M>   "time" match support
                         <M>   "u32" match support
                         <M>   "hashlimit" match support
                     IP: Netfilter Configuration  --->
                         <M> IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT)
                         [*]   proc/sysctl compatibility with old connection tracking (NEW
                         <M> IP Userspace queueing via NETLINK (OBSOLETE)
                         <M> IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT)
                         <M>   IP range match support
                         <M>   TOS match support
                         <M>   recent match support
                         <M>   ECN match support
                         <M>   AH match support
                         <M>   TTL match support
                         <M>   Owner match support
                         <M>   address type match support
                         <M>   Packet filtering
                         <M>     REJECT target support
                         <M>   LOG target support
                         <M>   ULOG target support
                         <M>   Full NAT (NEW)
                         <M>     MASQUERADE target support
                         <M>     REDIRECT target support
                         <M>     NETMAP target support
                         <M>     SAME target support (OBSOLETE)
                         <M>     Basic SNMP-ALG support (EXPERIMENTAL)
                         <M>   Packet mangling
                         <M>     TOS target support

    較為重要的是 "layer7" match support 項目與 IPv4 connection tracking support (required for NAT) 項目,若您不知道的話就請把 Core Netfilter Configuration 與 IP: Netfilter Configuration 裡的選項全部選起來即可。
    廣 告

    編譯並安裝新版核心

    重 kernel 2.6 開始,編譯核心就變得更為簡單,只需要幾個 make 的指令即可,安裝完後會自動修改 GRUB 的選項,不需手動修改,減少了手動修改錯誤的危險。


       

    root # make
    root # make modules
    root # make modules_install
    root # make install
    sh /usr/src/kernels/linux-2.6.24.4/arch/x86/boot/install.sh 2.6.24.4 arch/x86/boot/bzImage System.map "/boot"

    更新 iptables patch

    更新 iptables 需注意是否在現有的 kernel 中 netfilter 子系統相符合,若使用了不在 kernel 所支援的模組,在設定 iptables 會出現錯誤。以下指令可新增 laery7 模組的指令。


    root # cd /usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
    root # patch -p1 < ../netfilter-layer7-v2.17/iptables-1.4-for-kernel-2.6.20forward-layer7-2.17.patch
    patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.c
    patching file extensions/libipt_layer7.man
    patching file extensions/.layer7-test

    設定 KERNEL_DIR 與 IPTABLES_DIR 環境變數,並開始編譯安裝。

    root # export KERNEL_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/linux; export IPTABLES_DIR=/usr/src/kernels/iptables-1.4.0
    root # chmod +x extensions/.layer7-test
    root # make && make install
    root #

    安裝通訊定議檔

    使用 layer7 模組時,會參考 /etc/l7-protocols 目錄下的定議檔,各通訊協定的封包特徵會在 l7-protocols 的套件裡,解開之後直接安裝即可。

     

    root # cd /usr/src/kernels/l7-protocols-2008-02-20
    root # make install
    mkdir -p /etc/l7-protocols
    cp -R * /etc/l7-protocols

    重新開機

    重新編譯了核心之後,需要重新啟動電腦才能套用新的核心套件,請使用 uname 指令查看是否設定成功。

    0001
    0002
    0003

       

    root # uname -a; iptables -V
    Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.24.4 #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 23:21:08 CST 2008 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
    iptables v1.4.0

    測試

    MSN Messenger

    以下測試會拒絕連出 MSN Menssenger 封包,在 iptables 的 OUTPUT 政策裡,我們在 X-Window 執行 GAIM 連出時,會發現 msnmessenger 的封包被 DROP。

    語法:

    iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP

    root # iptables -A OUTPUT  -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP
    root # iptables -L -n -v
    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 3056 packets, 394K bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1274 packets, 159K bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
       34  2584 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger

    BitTorrent

    第二個測試拒絕連出 BitTorrent 封包,我們在設定好拒絕 bittorrent 封包後,在本機使用 BT 下載檔案均失敗,可從 iptables 指令查出。

    語法:

    iptables -A OUTPUT -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP

    root # iptables -A OUTPUT  -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP
    root # iptables -L -n -v
    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 33768 packets, 33M bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination

    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 25235 packets, 2362K bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination
       91  6916 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto msnmessenger
       78  7920 DROP       all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           LAYER7 l7proto bittorrent

    若您把 layer7 安裝在網路閘道 (Gateway) 上的話,那麼請使用 PREROUTING 或 FORWARD 連線才會有效。iptables 可參考 iptables 封包過瀘規則 (new window)。

    後記:

    若您打算在您的防火牆上使用 layer7 封包過濾功能的話,那麼所需的記憶體與 CPU 會更多,若您的使用者連線數同一時間超過百人,並且頻繁的取存網路的話,那麼可能需要考慮使用較高效能的網路卡與更多的記憶體。若您在啟用 layer7 功能後發現網路變得很慢的話,那麼就需要檢查您的網卡與記憶體是否足夠。

    04/12/2008

    首頁


    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Debian Linux系统编译内核标准方式介绍
    http://tech.itzero.com/2008/0728/article_38241.html


    Debian 标准方式
     

    关心一下有关 kernel-package、gcc、binutils 和 modutils 的错误报告。在需要时使用较新的版本。

    在 Debian 系统中用源码编译自定义内核要特别小心。用 make-kpkg 的 --append_to_version 选项来创建多重内核镜像比较安全。

    # apt-get install debhelper modutils kernel-package libncurses5-dev

    # apt-get install kernel-source-2.4.18 # 使用最新版本

    # apt-get install fakeroot

    # vi /etc/kernel-pkg.conf # 输入我的名字和 email

    $ cd /usr/src # 创建目录

    $ tar --bzip2 -xvf kernel-source-2.4.18.tar.bz2

    $ cd kernel-source-2.4.18 # 如果这是你的内核源码

    $ cp /boot/config-2.4.18-386 .config # 将当前配置设定为默认配置

    $ make menuconfig # 按自己的喜好来定制

    $ make-kpkg clean # 必须执行这步(per: man make-kpkg)

    $ fakeroot make-kpkg --append_to_version -486 --initrd --revision=rev.01 kernel_image modules_image # modules_image 可以是 pcmcia-cs* 等。

    $ cd ..

    # dpkg -i kernel-image*.deb pcmcia-cs*.deb # 安装

    make-kpkg kernel_image 实际上执行了 make oldconfig 和 make dep。如果没使用 initrd 就不要使用 --initrd 选项。

    如果想加载 pcmcia-cs 模块或内核 pcmcia 源码中没有的模块,应该在 make menuconfig 后选“General setup —>”进入“PCMCIA/CardBus support —>”,配置“< > PCMCIA/CardBus support”选项(例如,取消复选项)。

    对于 SMP 机器,参照 kernel-pkg.conf(5) 的说明设置 CONCURRENCY_LEVEL。

    参考iptables实例:
    使用iptables layer-7 filter:
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto edonkey -j DROP (禁止edonkey)
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto bittorrent -j DROP (禁止bt)
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto qq -j DROP (禁止QQ通讯)
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto msnmessenger -j DROP (禁止edonkey)
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto xunlei -j DROP (禁止迅雷)
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto kugoo -j DROP (禁止kugoo)
    # iptables -t mangle -I PREROUTING -m layer7 --l7proto yahoo -j DROP (禁止Yahoo! Messenger)

    本文来自CSDN博客,转载请标明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/zubin006/archive/2008/08/03/2760600.aspx

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/1327/p/1515001.html
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