实践案例 <中小型Web架构>3 Memcached配置管理
本章节参考《SaltStack技术入门与实践》，感谢该书作者: 刘继伟、沈灿、赵舜东
Memcached介绍
Memcached是一个高性能的分布式内存对象缓存系统，用于动态Web应用以减轻数据库负载。它通过在内存中缓存数据和对象来减少读取数据库的次数，从而提高动态数据库驱动网站的访问速度。Memcached基于一个存储键/值对的hashmap。其守护进程（daemon ）是用C写的，但是客户端可以用任何语言来编写，并通过memcached协议与守护进程通信。我们这个架构案例使用Memcached来存储用户的session。
我们经常会在负载均衡的环境下遇到Session问题，一般的解决办法有三种：
- Session保持。
- Session复制。
- Session共享。
PHP可以很容易在php.ini配置中将Session存储在Memcached中，来实现Session共享，这样后端服务器有节点down机，用户的访问请求被调度到集群中的其他节点时，用户的会话也不会丢失。
Memcached的安装比较简单。首先Memcached依赖于libevent，所以需要先编译安装libevent，然后编译安装Memcached。后面我们在PHP配置管理中编写php-memcached的模块。同时还需要创建一个管理用户的配置，Memcached包括后面要配置的Nginx和PHP，都要使用www用户进行管理。
首先创建目录结构如下：
[root@SaltMaster1(10.182.88.136)]$~:>mkdir -pv /srv/salt/prod/libevent/files [root@SaltMaster1(10.182.88.136)]$~:>mkdir -pv /srv/salt/prod/memcached/files [root@SaltMaster1(10.182.88.136)]$~:>mkdir -pv /srv/salt/prod/user
www用户配置
启动Memcached需要使用www用户，包括后面我们不熟Nginx和PHP都需要使用到www用户。所以我们把www用户的配置单独放置在user目录下：
[root@SaltMaster1(10.182.88.136)]$~:>more /srv/salt/prod/user/www.sls www-user-group: group.present: - name: www - gid: 1000 user.present: - name: www - fullname: www - shell: /sbin/nologin - uid: 1000 - gid: 1000
后期在需要使用到www用户的地方，将www.sls包含进去即可。
libevent配置
下载源码包：
[root@SaltMaster1(10.182.88.136)]$~:>cd /srv/salt/prod/libevent/files/ [root@SaltMaster1(10.182.88.136)]$files:>wget https://github.com/libevent/libevent/releases/download/release-2.1.8-stable/libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz --2018-07-03 16:51:09-- https://github.com/libevent/libevent/releases/download/release-2.1.8-stable/libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz Resolving github.com... 13.250.177.223, 13.229.188.59, 52.74.223.119 Connecting to github.com|13.250.177.223|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found Location: https://github-production-release-asset-2e65be.s3.amazonaws.com/1856976/f9ea6922-e66b-11e6-9f5c-722c00daa657?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWNJYAX4CSVEH53A%2F20180703%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20180703T085111Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Signature=a7bd7bb09111081bf8a092e48f296a39493cc7f95809c0a259711e060aa44aed&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&actor_id=0&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3Dlibevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz&response-content-type=application%2Foctet-stream [following] --2018-07-03 16:51:11-- https://github-production-release-asset-2e65be.s3.amazonaws.com/1856976/f9ea6922-e66b-11e6-9f5c-722c00daa657?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWNJYAX4CSVEH53A%2F20180703%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20180703T085111Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Signature=a7bd7bb09111081bf8a092e48f296a39493cc7f95809c0a259711e060aa44aed&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&actor_id=0&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3Dlibevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz&response-content-type=application%2Foctet-stream Resolving github-production-release-asset-2e65be.s3.amazonaws.com... 52.216.128.35 Connecting to github-production-release-asset-2e65be.s3.amazonaws.com|52.216.128.35|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 1026485 (1002K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: `libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz' 100%[==================================================================================================================================================================================================>] 1,026,485 357K/s in 2.8s 2018-07-03 16:51:15 (357 KB/s) - `libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz' saved [1026485/1026485]
编写libevent部署SLS如下:
[root@SaltMaster1(10.182.88.136)]$libevent:>more install.sls libevent-source-install: file.managed: - name: /tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz - source: salt://libevent/files/libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz - user: root - group: root - mode: 644 cmd.run: - name: cd /tmp/ && tar -zxf libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz && cd libevent-2.1.8-stable && ./configure --prefix/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8 && make && make install - unless: test -d /usr/local/libevent - require: - file: libevent-source-install
执行状态模块
[root@SaltMaster1(10.182.88.136)]$prod:>salt '10.182.76.78' state.highstate 10.182.76.78: ---------- ID: /etc/resolv.conf Function: file.managed Result: True Comment: File /etc/resolv.conf is in the correct state Started: 17:10:10.713289 Duration: 43.146 ms Changes: ---------- ID: /etc/profile Function: file.append Result: True Comment: File /etc/profile is in correct state Started: 17:10:10.756701 Duration: 4.649 ms Changes: ---------- ID: /etc/bashrc Function: file.append Result: True Comment: File /etc/bashrc is in correct state Started: 17:10:10.761555 Duration: 4.932 ms Changes: ---------- ID: net.ipv4.ip_forward Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 is already set Started: 17:10:10.768589 Duration: 168.841 ms Changes: ---------- ID: net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 is already set Started: 17:10:10.937904 Duration: 164.89 ms Changes: ---------- ID: net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 is already set Started: 17:10:11.103150 Duration: 165.103 ms Changes: ---------- ID: kernel.sysrq Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value kernel.sysrq = 0 is already set Started: 17:10:11.268613 Duration: 164.378 ms Changes: ---------- ID: kernel.core_uses_pid Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 is already set Started: 17:10:11.433337 Duration: 164.071 ms Changes: ---------- ID: kernel.msgmnb Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value kernel.msgmnb = 65536 is already set Started: 17:10:11.597731 Duration: 164.621 ms Changes: ---------- ID: kernel.msgmax Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value kernel.msgmax = 65536 is already set Started: 17:10:11.762714 Duration: 163.28 ms Changes: ---------- ID: kernel.shmmax Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value kernel.shmmax = 68719476736 is already set Started: 17:10:11.926318 Duration: 163.713 ms Changes: ---------- ID: kernel.shmall Function: sysctl.present Result: True Comment: Sysctl value kernel.shmall = 4294967296 is already set Started: 17:10:12.090393 Duration: 163.292 ms Changes: ---------- ID: yum_repo_release Function: pkg.installed Result: True Comment: All specified packages are already installed Started: 17:10:13.307564 Duration: 2438.915 ms Changes: ---------- ID: zabbix_repo_release Function: pkg.installed Result: True Comment: All specified packages are already installed Started: 17:10:15.746854 Duration: 816.17 ms Changes: ---------- ID: libevent-source-install Function: file.managed Name: /tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz Result: True Comment: File /tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz is in the correct state Started: 17:10:16.563350 Duration: 56.331 ms Changes: ---------- ID: libevent-source-install Function: cmd.run Name: cd /tmp/ && tar -zxf libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz && cd libevent-2.1.8-stable && ./configure --prefix=/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8 && make && make install Result: True Comment: Command "cd /tmp/ && tar -zxf libevent-2.1.8-stable.tar.gz && cd libevent-2.1.8-stable && ./configure --prefix=/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8 && make && make install" run Started: 17:10:16.620610 Duration: 55072.186 ms Changes: ---------- pid: 274440 retcode: 0 stderr: File "./test/../event_rpcgen.py", line 39 print s ^ SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did you mean print(s)? event_rpcgen.py failed, ./test/regress.gen.[ch] will be reused. stdout: checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... gawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... (cached) yes checking for style of include used by make... 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PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE checking if more special flags are required for pthreads... no checking size of pthread_t... 8 checking for library containing ERR_remove_thread_state... -lcrypto checking that generated files are newer than configure... done configure: creating ./config.status config.status: creating libevent.pc config.status: creating libevent_openssl.pc config.status: creating libevent_pthreads.pc config.status: creating libevent_core.pc config.status: creating libevent_extra.pc config.status: creating Makefile config.status: creating config.h config.status: creating evconfig-private.h config.status: evconfig-private.h is unchanged config.status: executing depfiles commands config.status: executing libtool commands GEN test/rpcgen-attempted GEN include/event2/event-config.h make all-am make[1]: Entering directory `/tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable' CC buffer.lo CC bufferevent.lo CC bufferevent_filter.lo CC bufferevent_pair.lo CC bufferevent_ratelim.lo CC bufferevent_sock.lo CC event.lo CC evmap.lo CC evthread.lo CC evutil.lo CC evutil_rand.lo CC evutil_time.lo CC listener.lo CC log.lo CC strlcpy.lo CC select.lo CC poll.lo CC epoll.lo CC signal.lo CC evdns.lo CC event_tagging.lo CC evrpc.lo CC http.lo CCLD libevent.la CCLD libevent_core.la CCLD libevent_extra.la CC evthread_pthread.lo CCLD libevent_pthreads.la CC libevent_openssl_la-bufferevent_openssl.lo CCLD libevent_openssl.la CC sample/dns-example.o CCLD sample/dns-example CC sample/event-read-fifo.o CCLD sample/event-read-fifo CC sample/hello-world.o CCLD sample/hello-world CC sample/http-server.o CCLD sample/http-server CC sample/http-connect.o CCLD sample/http-connect CC sample/signal-test.o CCLD sample/signal-test CC sample/time-test.o CCLD sample/time-test CC sample/le-proxy.o CCLD sample/le-proxy CC sample/https-client.o CC sample/hostcheck.o CC sample/openssl_hostname_validation.o CCLD sample/https-client CC test/bench.o CCLD test/bench CC test/bench_cascade.o CCLD test/bench_cascade CC test/bench_http.o CCLD test/bench_http CC test/bench_httpclient.o CCLD test/bench_httpclient CC test/test-changelist.o CCLD test/test-changelist CC test/test-dumpevents.o CCLD test/test-dumpevents CC test/test-eof.o CCLD test/test-eof CC test/test-closed.o CCLD test/test-closed CC test/test-fdleak.o CCLD test/test-fdleak CC test/test-init.o CCLD test/test-init CC test/test-ratelim.o CCLD test/test-ratelim CC test/test-time.o CCLD test/test-time CC test/test-weof.o CCLD test/test-weof CC test/test_regress-regress.o CC test/test_regress-regress.gen.o CC test/test_regress-regress_buffer.o CC test/test_regress-regress_bufferevent.o CC test/test_regress-regress_dns.o CC test/test_regress-regress_et.o CC test/test_regress-regress_finalize.o CC test/test_regress-regress_http.o CC test/test_regress-regress_listener.o CC test/test_regress-regress_main.o CC test/test_regress-regress_minheap.o CC test/test_regress-regress_rpc.o CC test/test_regress-regress_testutils.o CC test/test_regress-regress_util.o CC test/test_regress-tinytest.o CC test/test_regress-regress_thread.o CC test/test_regress-regress_zlib.o CC test/test_regress-regress_ssl.o CCLD test/regress make[1]: Leaving directory `/tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable' make install-am make[1]: Entering directory `/tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable' make[2]: Entering directory `/tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable' /bin/mkdir -p '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/bin' /usr/bin/install -c event_rpcgen.py '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/bin' /bin/mkdir -p '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib' /bin/sh ./libtool --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c libevent.la libevent_core.la libevent_extra.la libevent_pthreads.la libevent_openssl.la '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib' libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent-2.1.so.6.0.2 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent-2.1.so.6.0.2 libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent-2.1.so.6 || { rm -f libevent-2.1.so.6 && ln -s libevent-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent-2.1.so.6; }; }) libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent.so || { rm -f libevent.so && ln -s libevent-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent.so; }; }) libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent.lai /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent.la libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_core-2.1.so.6.0.2 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_core-2.1.so.6.0.2 libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent_core-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_core-2.1.so.6 || { rm -f libevent_core-2.1.so.6 && ln -s libevent_core-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_core-2.1.so.6; }; }) libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent_core-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_core.so || { rm -f libevent_core.so && ln -s libevent_core-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_core.so; }; }) libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_core.lai /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_core.la libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_extra-2.1.so.6.0.2 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_extra-2.1.so.6.0.2 libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent_extra-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_extra-2.1.so.6 || { rm -f libevent_extra-2.1.so.6 && ln -s libevent_extra-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_extra-2.1.so.6; }; }) libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent_extra-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_extra.so || { rm -f libevent_extra.so && ln -s libevent_extra-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_extra.so; }; }) libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_extra.lai /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_extra.la libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6.0.2 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6.0.2 libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6 || { rm -f libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6 && ln -s libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6; }; }) libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_pthreads.so || { rm -f libevent_pthreads.so && ln -s libevent_pthreads-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_pthreads.so; }; }) libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_pthreads.lai /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_pthreads.la libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6.0.2 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6.0.2 libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6 || { rm -f libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6 && ln -s libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6; }; }) libtool: install: (cd /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib && { ln -s -f libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_openssl.so || { rm -f libevent_openssl.so && ln -s libevent_openssl-2.1.so.6.0.2 libevent_openssl.so; }; }) libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_openssl.lai /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_openssl.la libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent.a /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent.a libtool: install: chmod 644 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent.a libtool: install: ranlib /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent.a libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_core.a /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_core.a libtool: install: chmod 644 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_core.a libtool: install: ranlib /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_core.a libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_extra.a /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_extra.a libtool: install: chmod 644 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_extra.a libtool: install: ranlib /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_extra.a libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_pthreads.a /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_pthreads.a libtool: install: chmod 644 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_pthreads.a libtool: install: ranlib /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_pthreads.a libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c .libs/libevent_openssl.a /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_openssl.a libtool: install: chmod 644 /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_openssl.a libtool: install: ranlib /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/libevent_openssl.a libtool: finish: PATH="/export/servers/jdk1.8.0_20/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin" ldconfig -n /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Libraries have been installed in: /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and specify the full pathname of the library, or use the '-LLIBDIR' flag during linking and do at least one of the following: - add LIBDIR to the 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable during execution - add LIBDIR to the 'LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable during linking - use the '-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag - have your system administrator add LIBDIR to '/etc/ld.so.conf' See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- /bin/mkdir -p '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/include' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 include/evdns.h include/event.h include/evhttp.h include/evrpc.h include/evutil.h '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/include' /bin/mkdir -p '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/include/event2' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 include/event2/buffer.h include/event2/buffer_compat.h include/event2/bufferevent.h include/event2/bufferevent_compat.h include/event2/bufferevent_ssl.h include/event2/bufferevent_struct.h include/event2/dns.h include/event2/dns_compat.h include/event2/dns_struct.h include/event2/event.h include/event2/event_compat.h include/event2/event_struct.h include/event2/http.h include/event2/http_compat.h include/event2/http_struct.h include/event2/keyvalq_struct.h include/event2/listener.h include/event2/rpc.h include/event2/rpc_compat.h include/event2/rpc_struct.h include/event2/tag.h include/event2/tag_compat.h include/event2/thread.h include/event2/util.h include/event2/visibility.h '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/include/event2' /bin/mkdir -p '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/include/event2' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 include/event2/event-config.h '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/include/event2' /bin/mkdir -p '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/pkgconfig' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 libevent.pc libevent_core.pc libevent_extra.pc libevent_pthreads.pc libevent_openssl.pc '/export/servers/libevent-2.1.8/lib/pkgconfig' make[2]: Leaving directory `/tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable' make[1]: Leaving directory `/tmp/libevent-2.1.8-stable' ---------- ID: /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8 Function: file.directory Result: True Comment: The directory /export/servers/libevent-2.1.8 is in the correct state Started: 17:11:11.693267 Duration: 1.892 ms Changes: Summary for 10.182.76.78 ------------- Succeeded: 17 (changed=1) Failed: 0 ------------- Total states run: 17 Total run time: 59.920 s