• 类的三大特性(继承, 封装, 多态)


    类的三大特性之继承

    class Animals:
        a_type = "哺乳动物"
        def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
            self.sex = sex
    
        def eat(self):
            print("%s is eating ...."%self.name)
    
    
    class Person(Animals):
        a_type = "高级动物"
        def talk(self):
            print("person %s is talking..."%self.name)
        def eat(self):
            print("person %s is eat zaofan"%self.name)
    
    class Pig(Animals):
        def chase_rabbit(self):
            print("pig %s chase rabbit..."%self.name)
    
    
    p = Person("xdd",22,"Man")
    p.talk()
    p.eat()
    print(p.a_type)
    
    pig = Pig("jack",2,"pig")
    pig.chase_rabbit()
    print(pig.a_type)

    重写父类方法  - 单继承

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    class Animals:
        a_type = "哺乳动物"
    
        def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
            self.sex = sex
    
        def eat(self):
            print("%s is eating ...."%self.name)
    
    
    class Person(Animals):
        a_type = "高级动物"
    
        def __init__(self,name,age,sex,hobbie):
            #Animals.__init__(self,name,age,sex)
            #super(Person,self).__init__(name,age,sex)
            super().__init__(name,age,sex)
            self.hobbie = hobbie
    
        def talk(self):
            print("person %s is talking..."%self.name)
    
        def eat(self):
            super().eat()   #super继承执行父类的方法
            print("person %s is eat zaofan"%self.name)
    
    
    class Pig(Animals):
        def chase_rabbit(self):
            print("pig %s chase rabbit..."%self.name)
    
    
    p = Person("xdd",22,"Man","read book")
    p.talk()
    p.eat()
    print(p.a_type,p.hobbie)

    类的多继承

    按顺序从左到右继承

    继承顺序分为两种:这是简单的理解,深度理解完全不是这样的 

    深度优先:先找M -MB - S -SB

    广度优先: 一层一层的找 先M -S - MB -SB

    实际上在python3上类的多继承的情况下,使用的是C3算法,既不能说是广度也不能说是深度

    Python 中,类有两种写法: 在python 3上默认就是新式类

    Class A:   #经典类

    Class B(object):  #新式类

    C3算法十分复杂,所以有兴趣去了解 

    如果想要简单快速的查看一个类的继承方式可以使用:

    Print(类名.mro())

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    class ShenXianBase:
        def fight(self):
            print("元祖在打架")
    
    
    class ShenXian(ShenXianBase):
    
        def fly(self):
            print("shenxian is fly")
    
        def fight(self):
            print("神仙在打架")
    
    
    class MonkeyBase:
        def fight(self):
            print("猿猴在打击")
    
    
    class Monkey(MonkeyBase):
    
        def eat_peach(self):
            print("monkey like eat taozi ")
    
        def fight(self):
            print("猴子在打击")
    
    class Monkeyking(ShenXian,Monkey):
    
        def play_goden_stick(self):
            print("sun wu kong play jinjubang")
    
    
    sxz = Monkeyking()
    sxz.eat_peach()
    
    sxz.fly()
    sxz.play_goden_stick()
    sxz.fight()
    print(Monkeyking.mro())

    类的三大特性之--封装  :私有变量都是加两个下划线__

    self.__name 将变量变成私有的  

    方法也可以变成私有的 

    def __sayhi():

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    class Person(object):
        def __init__(self,name,age):
            self.__name = name
            self.__age = age
        def __get_name(self):
            print("name is %s"%self.__name)
    
    
    p = Person("xdd",22)
    print(p._Person__name)  #强行访问私有变量
    p._Person__name = "jack"   #强行修改私有变量
    
    p._Person__get_name()   #强行访问私有方法

    类的三大特性之- 多态

    有时一个对象会有多种表现形式,比如网站页面有button按钮,可以有正方形的圆的,方的,但是他们有一个共同的调用方法onClick()

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    #多态
    class Dog(object):
    
        def sound(self):
            print("wang wang wang ...")
    
    
    class Pig(object):
    
        def sound(self):
            print("heng heng heng ...")
    
    
    def animals_sound(obj1):
            obj1.sound()
    
    
    d = Dog()
    p = Pig()
    
    animals_sound(d)
    animals_sound(p)

     

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    #多态2
    class Documents(object):
        def __init__(self,name):
            self.name = name
    
        def show(self):
            raise NotImplementedError("Subclass must implement abs")
    
    
    class Pdf(Documents):
        def show(self):
            return "show pdf contents"
    
    
    class Word(Documents):
        def show(self):
            return "show Word contents"
    
    
    pdf = Pdf("xixixi.pdf")
    word = Word("yyy.word")
    obj = [pdf,word]
    for o in obj:
        print(o.show())   # 这个show方法就是接口上边的pdf,word就是形态
    

      

     

    类方法,静态方法:

    类方法:

    类方法通过@classmethod装饰器来装饰一下即只能访问类的变量,不能访问实例变量

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    class Dog(object):
    
        name = 'gouzi'
    
        def __init__(self,name):
            self.name  = name
    
        @classmethod
        def eat(self):
            print("dog %s  is eating ...."%self.name)
    
    
    d = Dog("xdd")
    d.eat()

    为什么不能访问实例变量,因为传进来的值不是实例本身,而是类本身,加上classmethod方法就会变成这样,去掉classmethod,传进来的就是实例本身了.

    作用:

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    class Stu(object):
    
        __stu_num = 0
    
        def __init__(self,name):
            self.name = name
            self.add_stu(self)
    
        @classmethod
        def add_stu(cls,obj):
            if obj.name:
                cls.__stu_num += 1
                print("生成一个新学生",cls.__stu_num)
    
    s = Stu('j') s2 = Stu('k') s3 = Stu('o')
    s4 = Stu('5')

      

    静态方法:

    staticmethod 既不能访问实例变量,又不能访问类变量

    静态方法割断了他和类或实例的任何关系

    属性方法property

    把一个方法变成一个静态的属性

    class Stu(object):
    
        def __init__(self,name):
            self.name = name
    
        @property
        def fly(self):
            print("jack is flying")
    
    s = Stu('rain')
    s.fly    #不需要加括号了,调用这个方法

    神奇的反射:

    可以通过字符串的形式来操作对象的属性

    Getattr 获取

    Hsaattr 查询

    Setattr 赋值

    Delattr 删除

    如何反射一个文件下指定的对应的属性

    __name__    在当前文件主动执行的情况下(不是被导入执行),__name__ 就等于 __main__

    在被其他文件当模块执行的时候,就等于这个文件(模块)名

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    class Person(object):
        def __init__(self,name,age):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
    
        def drink(self):
            print("drink water ...")
    
    def talk(self):
        print("talking...")
    
    p = Person('xdd',22)
    #查询
    if hasattr(p,"name"):
        print("11111")
    
    user_command = input('>>').strip()
    if hasattr(p,user_command):
        fun = getattr(p,user_command)
        fun()
    
    
    #获取
    a = getattr(p,"age")
    print(a)
    
    #修改,增加
    setattr(p,"sex","Man")
    print(getattr(p,'sex'))
    
    setattr(Person,"speak",talk)
    p.speak()
    
    #删除
    delattr(p,"age")
    
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":  #只会被在别的模块导入的时候发挥作用
        print('jaja')
    

      



    #动态获取当前模块下的属性

    import sys
    mod = sys.modules["__main__"]
    if hasattr(mod,"p"):
        o = getattr(mod,"p")
        print(o.drink)

    动态加载模块

    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    #动态加载模块   ,热加载,在程序运行中,加入一个模块
    
    
    #__import__("Property") #解释器用的
    import importlib
    importlib.import_module("Property")   #python官方推荐使用的  和上边的效果是一样的
    
    importlib.import_module("function_def.List_builder")

    反射的再应用:

    #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    class User(object):
            def __init__(self):
                print("welcome to yingxionglianmeng")
    
            def login(self):
                print("login...")
    
            def register(self):
                print("zhucejianmian...")
    
            def disk(self):
                print("welcome to save disk")
    
    u = User()
    while True:
        user_cmd = input(">>").strip()
        if hasattr(u,user_cmd):
            getattr(u,user_cmd)()
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zjaiccn/p/13220300.html
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