一 单表查询语法
SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
WHERE 条件
GROUP BY field
HAVING 筛选
ORDER BY field
LIMIT 限制条数
二 关键字的执行优先级
1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组
4.将分组的结果进行having过滤
5.执行select
6.去重distinct
7.将结果按条件排序：order by
8.限制结果的显示条数limit
三 简单查询
创建下表
mysql> select * from employee; +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | god | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | public | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 | | 2 | alexsanda | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 401 | 1 | | 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 401 | 1 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 401 | 1 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 | | 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 | | 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 | | 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ 12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#简单查询 SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee; SELECT * FROM employee; SELECT name,salary FROM employee; #避免重复DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee; #通过四则运算查询 SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; #定义显示格式 CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串 SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
四 WHERE约束
where字句中可以使用：
- 比较运算符：><>= <= <> !=
- between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
- in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
- like 'god%'
pattern可以是%或_，
%表示任意多字符
_表示一个字符 - 逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1:单条件查询 SELECT name FROM employee WHERE post='sale'; #2:多条件查询 SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000; #3:关键字BETWEEN AND SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; #4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号，需要用IS) SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串，不是null ps： 执行 update employee set post_comment='' where id=2; 再用上条查看，就会有结果了 #5:关键字IN集合查询 SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; #6:关键字LIKE模糊查询 通配符’%’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'eg%'; 通配符’_’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
五 分组查询:GROUP BY
#1、首先明确一点：分组发生在where之后，即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的 #2、分组指的是：将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类，比如针对员工信息表的职位分组，或者按照性别进行分组等 #3、为何要分组呢？ 取每个部门的最高工资 取每个部门的员工数 取男人数和女人数 小窍门：‘每’这个字后面的字段，就是我们分组的依据 #4、大前提： 可以按照任意字段分组，但是分组完毕后，比如group by post，只能查看post字段，如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数
GROUP BY
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组 SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post; 注意：我们按照post字段分组，那么select查询的字段只能是post，想要获取组内的其他相关信息，需要借助函数 GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组，并查看组内成员名 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post; GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用 select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组，并查看每个组有多少人
强调：
如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据，则每一条记录自成一组，这种分组没有意义 多条记录之间的某个字段值相同，该字段通常用来作为分组的依据聚合函数
#强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组 示例： SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1; SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee; SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee; SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
六 HAVING过滤
#！！！执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > having
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
#2. Having发生在分组group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分组的字段，无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary)>10000;
+---------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+---------+---------------+
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+---------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
七 查询排序:ORDER BY
按单列排序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC; 按多列排序:先按照age排序，如果年纪相同，则按照薪资排序 SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age, salary DESC;
八 限制查询的记录数:LIMIT
示例： SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
mysql> SELECT * from employee limit 0,5; +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | god | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | public | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 | | 2 | alexsanda | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | 666 | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 401 | 1 | | 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 401 | 1 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 401 | 1 | +----+-----------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * from employee limit 5,5; +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 | | 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
九 使用正则表达式查询
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^g'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$'; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}'; 小结：对字符串匹配的方式 WHERE name = 'god'; WHERE name LIKE 'yua%'; WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^g'; +----+------+------+-----+------------+--------+--------------+---------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+------+------+-----+------------+--------+--------------+---------+--------+-----------+ | 1 | god | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | public | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 | +----+------+------+-----+------------+--------+--------------+---------+--------+-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看所有员工中名字是jin开头，n或者g结果的员工信息mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^jin.*[gn]$'; +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 | | 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 | +----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)