• Flask ==> ORM之sqlalchemy


    Flask ==>   ORM之sqlalchemy

    1.什么是ORM

        ORM,即Object-Relational Mapping(对象关系映射),它的作用是在关系型数据库和业务实体对象之间作一个映射,

        这样,我们在具体的操作业务对象的时候,就不需要再去和复杂的SQL语句打交道,只需简单的操作对象的属性和方法。

    2.SQLALchemy是什么?

     SQLAlchemy是一个基于Python实现的ORM框架。

        该框架建立在 DB API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,

        简言之便是:将类和对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。 

    安装:

    pip3 install sqlalchemy

    方式2:
    pip install sqlalchemy -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com 

    上面两步: 属于  sqlalchemy 

    下面的DBAPI:  就是 pymysql 模块

    组成部分:

    • Engine,框架的引擎
    • Connection Pooling ,数据库连接池
    • Dialect,选择连接数据库的DB API种类
    • Schema/Types,架构和类型
    • SQL Exprression Language,SQL表达式语言

    图的流程:

    首先:

      1.Dialect,选择连接数据库的DB API种类。(如: oracle,mysql,sqlite 等等,这些框架所有支持的种类,一开始,我们要连接pymysql,就需要在这里面挑一个来使用)

      2. Connection Pooling ,数据库连接池, 要连接数据库就要用连接池, 首先,先把连接放在连接池,去连接池拿一个操作。

      3.一开始,sqlalchemy 通过连接池拿一个连接,给API做操作,执行完后,

      4. 去连接数据库,连接完把数据结果返回给API.

      5.在从API 返回给 sqlalchemy

    SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库,其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件.

    Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作,如:

    MySQL-Python
        mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
        
    pymysql
        mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
        
    MySQL-Connector
        mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
        
    cx_Oracle
        oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
        
    更多:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

    问:SQLALchemy 和 Django 的区别?

    sqlalchemy(orm): 它是单独的,所有地方都可用, 更接近于sql, 不可自动生成第三张表,自己也连不了数据库,需要通过第三方模块来连接数据库

    django(orm):  它是只限于用在django本身, 它做跨表就比较方便,可自动生成第三张表,自己也不了数据库,需要通过第三方模块来连接数据库。

    3.SQLALchemy的使用

    1.执行原生SQL语句

    import time
    import threading
    import sqlalchemy
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
     
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
    )
     
     
    def task(arg):
        conn = engine.raw_connection()
        cursor = conn.cursor()
        cursor.execute(
            "select * from t1"
        )
        result = cursor.fetchall()
        cursor.close()
        conn.close()
     
     
    for i in range(20):
        t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
        t.start()
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    import threading
    import sqlalchemy
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    
    
    def task(arg):
        conn = engine.contextual_connect()
        with conn:
            cur = conn.execute(
                "select * from t1"
            )
            result = cur.fetchall()
            print(result)
    
    
    for i in range(20):
        t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
        t.start()
    View Code
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    import threading
    import sqlalchemy
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engine
    from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    
    
    def task(arg):
        cur = engine.execute("select * from t1")
        result = cur.fetchall()
        cur.close()
        print(result)
    
    
    for i in range(20):
        t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
        t.start()
    View Code

    注意: 查看连接 show status like 'Threads%';

    2. ORM

    a. 创建数据库表

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import datetime
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
    
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    
    class Users(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'users'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
        # email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
        # ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
        # extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)
    
        __table_args__ = (
            # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
            # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'),
        )
    
    
    def init_db():
        """
        根据类创建数据库表
        :return: 
        """
        engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    
    def drop_db():
        """
        根据类删除数据库表
        :return: 
        """
        engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        drop_db()
        init_db()

    创建多个表,并包含FK,M2M关系

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import datetime
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
    
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    
    # ##################### 单表示例 #########################
    class Users(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'users'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True)
        age = Column(Integer, default=18)
        email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
        ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
        extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)
    
        __table_args__ = (
            # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
            # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
        )
    
    
    class Hosts(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'hosts'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True)
        ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
    
    
    # ##################### 一对多示例 #########################
    class Hobby(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'hobby'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')
    
    
    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'person'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
        hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))    #ForeignKey(表名.id)
    
        # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
        hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')
    
    
    # ##################### 多对多示例 #########################
    
    class Server2Group(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'server2group'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
        group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
    
    
    class Group(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'group'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    
        # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
        servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')
    
    
    class Server(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'server'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    
    
    def init_db():
        """
        根据类创建数据库表
        :return: 
        """
        engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    
    def drop_db():
        """
        根据类删除数据库表
        :return: 
        """
        engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        drop_db()
        init_db()

    ps: 引擎默认创建的是: MyISAM      怎么创建innodb?

    __table_args__ = {
        'mysql_engine'':'Innodb' 
        'mysql_charset':'utf8'   
    }

    查询:
    result_list = session.query(Xuan).all()
    for item in result_list:
    print(item.types.code,item.types.value)
     

    b. 操作数据库表

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from models import Users
     
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
     
    # 每次执行数据库操作时,都需要创建一个session
    session = Session()
     
    # ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
    obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
    session.add(obj1)

    #另一种方式:
    #session.add_all([
    # Users(name="alex3"),
    # Users(name="alex4")
    #])
      # 提交事务 session.commit() # 关闭session session.close()

    ps:  每一个线程里面都应该包含有: 1.创建session对象    2. 然后add添加数据记录   3.自己提交commit   4.关闭 close   

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    import threading
    
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from db import Users
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
    
    def task(arg):
        session = Session()
    
        obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
        session.add(obj1)
    
        session.commit()
    
    
    for i in range(10):
        t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
        t.start()
    多线程

    基本增删改查:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    import threading
    
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    
    from db import Users, Hosts
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
    session = Session()
    
    # ################ 添加 ################
    """
    obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")
    session.add(obj1)
    
    session.add_all([        #添加多个
        Users(name="wupeiqi"),
        Users(name="alex"),
        Hosts(name="c1.com"),
    ])
    session.commit()
    """
    
    # ################ 删除 ################
    """
    session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()   #session.query(类名)  固定用法   可以直接用符号
    session.commit()   #记得commit提交事务
    """
    # ################ 修改 ################
    """
    session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "099"})
    session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)  #默认为 "字符串"
    session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")   #数字计算"evaluate"
    session.commit()
    """
    # ################ 查询 ################
    """
    r1 = session.query(Users).all()    #  查表
    r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()  #  label('xx'): 取别名
    r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()   #以表达式形式查询
    r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()     # 参数形式查询
    r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
    r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()  #text 自定义 params:过度  :value表示:占位符  order_by:排序  倒序:descx
    r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()   #text:也可以到另外一张表里面查。
    """
    
    
    session.close()

    常用操作:

    # 条件
    ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()  # ~  非
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()  #再次查询,把结果当成条件来用。
    from sqlalchemy import and_, or_   #导入
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()   #and把多个条件包含起来
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()   #or 把多个条件包含起来
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(
        or_(
            Users.id < 2,
            and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),   #and表示它里面的元素为 and。
            Users.extra != ""
        )).all()
    
    
    # 通配符
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()   #like: 模糊匹配
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()
    
    # 限制
    ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
    
    # 排序
    ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
    
    # 分组
    from sqlalchemy.sql import func   
    
    ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
    ret = session.query(
        func.max(Users.id),
        func.sum(Users.id),
        func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
    
    ret = session.query(
        func.max(Users.id),
        func.sum(Users.id),
        func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()   #根据聚合条件进行分组
    
    # 连表
    
    ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
    
    ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()   #最好用这种方式写
    
    ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() #isouter: 类似于django的leftjoin
    
    
    # 组合
    q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
    q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
    ret = q1.union(q2).all()  #union: 组合
    
    q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
    q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
    ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()  # union  组合

    原生sql语句:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    import threading
    
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
    from db import Users, Hosts
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    
    session = Session()
    
    # 查询
    # cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
    # result = cursor.fetchall()
    
    # 添加
    cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
    session.commit()
    print(cursor.lastrowid)
    
    session.close()

    基于relationship操作foreignKey:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    import threading
    
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
    from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    # 添加
    """
    session.add_all([
        Hobby(caption='乒乓球'),
        Hobby(caption='羽毛球'),
        Person(name='张三', hobby_id=3),
        Person(name='李四', hobby_id=4),
    ])
    
    person = Person(name='张九', hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘'))
    session.add(person)
    
    hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')
    hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'), Person(name='博雅')]
    session.add(hb)
    
    session.commit()
    """
    
    # 使用relationship正向查询
    """
    v = session.query(Person).first()
    print(v.name)
    print(v.hobby.caption)
    """
    
    # 使用relationship反向查询
    """
    v = session.query(Hobby).first()
    print(v.caption)
    print(v.pers)
    """
    
    session.close()

    基于relationship操作m2m:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    import threading
    
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
    from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    # 添加
    """
    session.add_all([
        Server(hostname='c1.com'),  #创建一个服务 server: c1.com
        Server(hostname='c2.com'),
        Group(name='A组'),      #创建一个组  group: A组
        Group(name='B组'),
    ])
    session.commit()
    
    s2g = Server2Group(server_id=1, group_id=1)  # 把server_id 和 group_id  关联起来  形成第3张表
    session.add(s2g)
    session.commit()
    
    
    gp = Group(name='C组')    #创建一个 group: C组
    gp.servers = [Server(hostname='c3.com'),Server(hostname='c4.com')]   #把 host:c3 and host: c4 一起关联到 组里面。
    session.add(gp)
    session.commit()
    
    
    ser = Server(hostname='c6.com')  #创建一个  host: c6.com
    ser.groups = [Group(name='F组'),Group(name='G组')]  #把 组: F  G  同时关联hosts: c6.com
    session.add(ser)
    session.commit()
    """
    
    
    # 使用relationship正向查询
    """
    v = session.query(Group).first()
    print(v.name)
    print(v.servers)
    """
    
    # 使用relationship反向查询
    """
    v = session.query(Server).first()
    print(v.hostname)
    print(v.groups)
    """
    
    
    session.close()

    其它:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import time
    import threading
    
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.sql import text, func
    from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
    from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    
    # 关联子查询
    subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()
    result = session.query(Group.name, subqry)
    """
    SELECT `group`.name AS group_name, (SELECT count(server.id) AS sid 
    FROM server 
    WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1 
    FROM `group`
    """
    
    # 原生SQL
    """
    # 查询
    cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
    result = cursor.fetchall()
    
    # 添加
    cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})  #自定义sql  用 :value:这种形式的占位符
    session.commit()
    print(cursor.lastrowid)
    """
    
    session.close()

    补充:

    补充:
    原来:
    session = Session()
    session.close()
    
    支持线程安全,为每一个线程创建单独对象
    session =   scroped_session(Sessiom)
    session.remove()


    subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()
    相当于: select count(id) as sid from server where server.id = group.id ps:这里都没查group表,怎么能查到?
    那上面那句怎么解决呢? correlate(Group).as_scalar() 的作用:表示不会让它查询group表,让它当作一个子查询
    result = session.query(Group.name, subqry) #这步,就是上面的子查询 subqry 的作用: 把上面那句加到前面的映射。
    相当于: select group.name(select count(id) as sid from server where server.id = group.id) as xxx from group
    select group.name,func(row) : as xx from group #取group里的每一行数据。
     小结:
      两种子查询方式:
          1. 放在where条件里
          2. 放子查询条件放到前面的映射里。
  • 相关阅读:
    【转】依赖注入那些事儿
    【转】Visual Studio單元測試小應用-測執行時間
    【转】 代码设计敏捷开发三部曲
    【转】 c#中两个DateTimePicker,一个时间设置为0:0:0,另一个设置为23:59:59
    【转】 C#获取当前程序运行路径的方法集合
    CSVHelper读出乱码 解决方案
    CvsHelper 使用指南
    【转】 C# ListView实例:文件图标显示
    【转】C# winform 加载网页 模拟键盘输入自动接入访问网络
    基于MHA的MySQL高可用
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhongbokun/p/8270507.html
Copyright © 2020-2023  润新知