vi掌握练习：
英文文档，相同的单词复制粘贴光标移动编辑等操作；
cat：显示文件所有内容，小文件查看时使用。
缺点：文件大时不方便查看，文件很大时，会抢占系统资源，会出现命令崩溃。
[zyj@localhost ~]$ cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin zyj:x:500:500: python_full:/home/zyj:/bin/bash
tac：倒序读文件
[zyj@localhost ~]$ tac /etc/passwd zyj:x:500:500: python_full:/home/zyj:/bin/bash tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash [zyj@localhost ~]$
more：显示一个版面，按空格继续显示，并显示百分比，按q退出查看。
less：一行一行显示，和more差不多
[zyj@localhost ~]$ more /etc/profile # /etc/profile # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc # It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you # are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in # /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this # will prevent the need for merging in future updates. pathmunge () { case ":${PATH}:" in *:"$1":*) ;; *) if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then PATH=$PATH:$1 else PATH=$1:$PATH fi esac } if [ -x /usr/bin/id ]; then if [ -z "$EUID" ]; then # ksh workaround EUID=`/usr/bin/id -u` UID=`/usr/bin/id -ru` fi USER="`/usr/bin/id -un`" LOGNAME=$USER MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER" fi # Path manipulation --More--(47%)
tail：查看文件的末尾，默认显示尾部10行，查看新增日志文件。可以通过-加数字选择查看尾部具体的行数；
[zyj@localhost ~]$ tail /etc/profile if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then . "$i" else . "$i" >/dev/null 2>&1 fi fi done unset i unset -f pathmunge [zyj@localhost ~]$
[zyj@localhost ~]$ tail-f /etc/profile //查看实时日志，新增的日志追加显示出来。 -bash: tail-f: command not found [zyj@localhost ~]$ tail -f /etc/profile if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then . "$i" else . "$i" >/dev/null 2>&1 fi fi done unset i unset -f pathmunge
1 [zyj@localhost ~]$ tail -5 /etc/profile //显示尾部后5行 2 fi 3 done 4 5 unset i 6 unset -f pathmunge 7 [zyj@localhost ~]$
head：默认显示前10行，可以通过-加数字选择查看前面具体的行数；
[zyj@localhost ~]$ head /etc/profile # /etc/profile # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc # It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you # are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in # /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this # will prevent the need for merging in future updates. [zyj@localhost ~]$
1 [zyj@localhost ~]$ head -5 /etc/profile //显示前5行 2 # /etc/profile 3 4 # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup 5 # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc 6 7 [zyj@localhost ~]$
查找文件命令find
[zyj@localhost home]$ find h* //在当前目录下查找以h开头的文件 hello.txt [zyj@localhost home]$ find /etc/pass* //etc目录下查找以pass开头的文件 /etc/passwd /etc/passwd- /etc/passwd.OLD [zyj@localhost ~]$ find /etc/pass* -print //etc目录下查找以pass开头的文件，并显示出来 /etc/passwd /etc/passwd- /etc/passwd.OLD
在文件内容中查找关键字grep
[zyj@localhost ~]$ grep 'root' /etc/passwd //查找passwd中包含root的内容 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin [zyj@localhost ~]$ grep '^root' /etc/passwd //以root作为行的开始的内容 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash [zyj@localhost ~]$ grep 'bash$' /etc/passwd //查找以bash结尾的内容 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash zyj:x:500:500: python_full:/home/zyj:/bin/bash
管道：把管道左边的命令执行的结果传给右边的命令；命令1|命令2|命令3......
[zyj@localhost ~]$ head -9 /etc/profile # /etc/profile # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc # It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you # are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in # /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this # will prevent the need for merging in future updates.
[zyj@localhost ~]$ head -9 /etc/profile | tail -1 //前9行的倒数第一行即第9行； # will prevent the need for merging in future updates.
[zyj@localhost ~]$ ls -al | more //显示多的时候可以通过管道后配置more、less使用 total 156 drwx------. 24 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 24 09:46 . drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Apr 15 09:23 .. -rw-------. 1 zyj zyj 3108 Apr 24 09:46 .ICEauthority -rw-------. 1 zyj zyj 1319 Apr 24 09:32 .bash_history -rw-r--r--. 1 zyj zyj 18 Mar 22 2017 .bash_logout -rw-r--r--. 1 zyj zyj 176 Mar 22 2017 .bash_profile -rw-r--r--. 1 zyj zyj 142 Apr 14 09:11 .bashrc drwxr-xr-x. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .cache drwxr-xr-x. 4 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 09:13 .config drwx------. 3 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .dbus -rw-r--r--. 1 zyj zyj 32 Apr 24 09:46 .dmrc -rw-------. 1 zyj zyj 16 Apr 14 02:57 .esd_auth drwxr-xr-x. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .fontconfig drwx------. 4 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 24 09:46 .gconf drwxr-xr-x. 5 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .gnome2 drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .gnote drwx------. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 24 09:46 .gnupg -rw-rw-r--. 1 zyj zyj 127 Apr 24 09:46 .gtk-bookmarks drwx------. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .gvfs -rw-------. 1 zyj zyj 56 Apr 14 10:39 .lesshst drwxr-xr-x. 3 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .local drwxr-xr-x. 4 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:39 .mozilla drwxr-xr-x. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .nautilus drwx------. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 02:57 .pulse -rw-------. 1 zyj zyj 256 Apr 14 02:57 .pulse-cookie drwx------. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 15 06:26 .ssh -rw-------. 1 zyj zyj 2130 Apr 17 10:57 .viminfo -rw-rw-r--. 1 zyj zyj 20 Apr 17 10:07 .vimrc -rw-------. 1 zyj zyj 3177 Apr 24 09:51 .xsession-errors -rw-------. 1 zyj zyj 4317 Apr 24 09:42 .xsession-errors.old drwxr-xr-x. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 09:13 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 09:13 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 09:13 Downloads drwxr-xr-x. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 09:13 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 zyj zyj 4096 Apr 14 09:13 Pictures --more
[zyj@localhost ~]$ ps aux | grep tty //查找包含tty的进程 root 2484 0.0 0.0 4068 536 tty2 Ss+ 09:45 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty2 root 2486 0.0 0.0 4068 532 tty3 Ss+ 09:45 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty3 root 2488 0.0 0.0 4068 532 tty4 Ss+ 09:45 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty4 root 2490 0.0 0.0 4068 536 tty5 Ss+ 09:45 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty5 root 2492 0.0 0.0 4068 532 tty6 Ss+ 09:45 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6 root 2514 0.1 2.4 176436 24456 tty1 Ss+ 09:45 0:03 /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -br -verbose -audit 4 -auth /var/run/gdm/auth-for-gdm-cxJWaZ/database -nolisten tcp vt1 zyj 3947 0.0 0.0 103308 752 pts/1 S+ 10:21 0:00 grep tty [zyj@localhost ~]$ [zyj@localhost ~]$ ps aux | grep tty | grep tty2 //命令1|命令2 root 2484 0.0 0.0 4068 536 tty2 Ss+ 09:45 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty2 zyj 4160 0.0 0.0 103304 724 pts/1 S+ 10:33 0:00 grep tty2
[zyj@localhost ~]$ ls /etc/ | grep passwd //在etc下的文件中查找有passwd的内容； passwd passwd- passwd.OLD [zyj@localhost ~]$ find /etc/pass* /etc/passwd /etc/passwd- /etc/passwd.OLD
文本处理：
cut：切文件,常用-d 和-f 选项。
[zyj@localhost home]$ echo "1,2,3,4,5" | cut -d',' -f1 //以逗号为分隔符分割，并显示分割后的第一个字符串。 1 [zyj@localhost home]$ echo "1,12,23,44,55" | cut -d',' -f1,4//以逗号为分隔符分割，并显示分割后的第一个和第4个字符串。 1,44 [zyj@localhost home]$ echo "1,12,23,44,55" | cut -d',' -f1-5//以逗号为分隔符分割，并显示分割后的第一个和第5个字符串 1,12,23,44,55 [zyj@localhost home]$ tail -1 /etc/passwd | cut -d":" -f1 zyj
sort：排序
[zyj@localhost ~]$ du /home/zyj/ | grep mozilla | sort -n //升序排序 4 /home/zyj/.mozilla/extensions 4 /home/zyj/.mozilla/plugins 12 /home/zyj/.mozilla [zyj@localhost ~]$ du /home/zyj/ | grep mozilla | sort -n -r //降序排序 12 /home/zyj/.mozilla 4 /home/zyj/.mozilla/plugins 4 /home/zyj/.mozilla/extensions
[zyj@localhost home]$ sort /etc/passwd //字符串排序 abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin zyj:x:500:500: python_full:/home/zyj:/bin/bash
linux引号：
1、双引号“” 弱引号，会解析特殊符号，如$
2、单引号‘’ 强引号，引号引起的地方为字符串
3、反引号·：命令替换。
[zyj@localhost ~]$ a=10 [zyj@localhost ~]$ echo "$a" 10 [zyj@localhost ~]$ echo '$a' $a [zyj@localhost ~]$ whoami zyj [zyj@localhost ~]$ echo "whoami" whoami [zyj@localhost ~]$ echo 'whoami' whoami [zyj@localhost ~]$ echo `whoami` //数字1旁边的按键 zyj [zyj@localhost ~]$