Java 14 reached General Availability on 17 March 2020, download Java 14 here.
Java 14 features.
- JEP 305: Pattern Matching for instanceof (Preview) (developer feature)
- JEP 343: Packaging Tool (Incubator)
- JEP 345: NUMA-Aware Memory Allocation for G1
- JEP 349: JFR Event Streaming
- JEP 352: Non-Volatile Mapped Byte Buffers
- JEP 358: Helpful NullPointerExceptions
- JEP 359: Records (Preview) (developer feature)
- JEP 361: Switch Expressions (Standard) (developer feature)
- JEP 362: Deprecate the Solaris and SPARC Ports
- JEP 363: Remove the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector
- JEP 364: ZGC on macOS
- JEP 365: ZGC on Windows
- JEP 366: Deprecate the ParallelScavenge + SerialOld GC Combination
- JEP 367: Remove the Pack200 Tools and API
- JEP 368: Text Blocks (Second Preview) (developer feature)
- JEP 370: Foreign-Memory Access API (Incubator) (developer feature)
JEP 305: Pattern Matching for instanceof (Preview)
Before Java 14, we use instanceof-and-cast to check the object’s type and cast to a variable.
if (obj instanceof String) { // instanceof
String s = (String) obj; // cast
if("jdk14".equalsIgnoreCase(s)){
//...
}
}else {
System.out.println("not a string");
}
Now Java 14, we can refactor above code like this:
if (obj instanceof String s) { // instanceof, cast and bind variable in one line.
if("jdk4".equalsIgnoreCase(s)){
//...
}
}else {
System.out.println("not a string");
}
if obj is an instance of String, then it is cast to String and assigned to the binding variable s.
JEP 343: Packaging Tool (Incubator)
New jpackage tool to package a Java application into a platform-specific package.
- Linux: deb and rpm
- macOS: pkg and dmg
- Windows: msi and exe
For example, package the JAR file into an exe file on Windows.
P.S Update jpackage example here
JEP 345: NUMA-Aware Memory Allocation for G1
New NUMA-aware memory allocation mode, improves the G1 performance on large machines. Add +XX:+UseNUMA option to enable it.
JEP 349: JFR Event Streaming
Improved the existing JFR to support event streaming, it means now we can stream the JFR events in real-time, without the need to dump the recorded events to disk and parse it manually.
The JDK Flight Recorder (JFR) is a tool for collecting diagnostic and profiling data about a running Java application. Normally, we start a recording, stop it, dump the recorded events to disk for parsing, it works well for profiling, analysis, or debugging.
Related JEP 328: Flight Recorder
P.S Update JFR Event Streaming example here_
JEP 352: Non-Volatile Mapped Byte Buffers
Improved FileChannel API to create MappedByteBuffer that access to non-volatile memory (NVM) – a memory that can retrieve stored data even after having been power cycled. For example, this feature ensures that any changes which might still be in the cache are written back to memory.
P.S Only Linux/x64 and Linux/AArch64 OS support this!
JEP 358: Helpful NullPointerExceptions
Improved the description of NullPointerExceptions by telling which variable was null. Add -XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages option to enable this feature.
A simple Java file that throws an NullPointerException.
Test.java
import java.util.Locale;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String input = null;
String result = showUpperCase(input); // NullPointerException
System.out.println(result);
}
public static String showUpperCase(String str){
return str.toUpperCase(Locale.US);
}
}
Before Java 14.
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/java Test
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at Test.showUpperCase(Test.java:15)
at Test.main(Test.java:9)
Java 14 with -XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages option.
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/java -XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages Test
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException:
Cannot invoke "String.toUpperCase(java.util.Locale)" because "<parameter1>" is null
at Test.showUpperCase(Test.java:15)
at Test.main(Test.java:9)
P.S Please enable this feature by default
JEP 359: Records (Preview)
A new class called record (aka data class), it is a final class, not abstract, and all of its fields are final as well. The record will automatically generate the tedious constructors, public get, equals(), hashCode(), toString() during compile time.
P.S No setters, all fields are final.
A record or data class, create the class name and variables, and we can start using it.
Point.java
record Point(int x, int y) { }
Test.java
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Point p1 = new Point(10, 20);
System.out.println(p1.x()); // 10
System.out.println(p1.y()); // 20
Point p2 = new Point(11, 22);
System.out.println(p2.x()); // 11
System.out.println(p2.y()); // 22
Point p3 = new Point(10, 20);
System.out.println(p3.x()); // 10
System.out.println(p3.y()); // 20
System.out.println(p1.hashCode()); // 330
System.out.println(p2.hashCode()); // 363
System.out.println(p3.hashCode()); // 330
System.out.println(p1.equals(p2)); // false
System.out.println(p1.equals(p3)); // true
System.out.println(p1.equals(p3)); // true
}
}
Test it with --enable-preview.
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/javac --enable-preview --release 14 Point.java
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/javac --enable-preview --release 14 Test.java
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/java --enable-preview Test
Output
10
20
11
22
10
20
330
363
330
false
true
true
Further eading
For more record examples, please refer to this Java 14 Record data class
P.S Update record or data class example here
JEP 361: Switch Expressions (Standard)
The switch expression was a preview feature in Java 12 and Java 13; now it is officially JDK standard feature, it means from Java 14 and onward, we can return value via switch expressions without specifying the --enable-preview option.
See a recap; we can use yield to return a value from a switch.
private static int getValueViaYield(String mode) {
int result = switch (mode) {
case "a", "b":
yield 1;
case "c":
yield 2;
case "d", "e", "f":
// do something here...
System.out.println("Supports multi line block!");
yield 3;
default:
yield -1;
};
return result;
}
Or via a label rules or arrows.
private static int getValueViaArrow(String mode) {
int result = switch (mode) {
case "a", "b" -> 1;
case "c" -> 2;
case "d", "e", "f" -> {
// do something here...
System.out.println("Supports multi line block!");
yield 3;
}
default -> -1;
};
return result;
}
Refer examples in this Java 13 Switch Expression.
JEP 362: Deprecate the Solaris and SPARC Ports
Dropping support for Solaris/SPARC, Solaris/x64, and Linux/SPARC ports, fewer platforms support means faster delivery for new features.
JEP 363: Remove the Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector
Java 9 – JEP 291 deprecated this Concurrent Mark Sweep (CMS) Garbage Collector, and now it is officially removed.
/usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/java -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC Test
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: Ignoring option UseConcMarkSweepGC; support was removed in 14.0
JEP 364: ZGC on macOS (Experimental)
Java 11 – JEP 333 introduced the Z Garbage Collector (ZGC) on Linux, and now it ports to macOS.
JEP 365: ZGC on Windows (Experimental)
Java 11 – JEP 333 introduced the Z Garbage Collector (ZGC) on Linux, and now it ports to Windows version >= 1803.
JEP 366: Deprecate the ParallelScavenge + SerialOld GC Combination
Due to less use and high maintenance effort, Java 14 deprecates the combination of the parallel young generation and serial old generation GC algorithms.
/usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/java -XX:-UseParallelOldGC Test
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: Option UseParallelOldGC was deprecated in version 14.0 and will likely be removed in a future release.
JEP 367: Remove the Pack200 Tools and API
Java 11 – JEP 336 deprecated the pack200 and unpack200 tools, and the Pack200 API in the java.util.jar package, and now it is officially removed.
JEP 368: Text Blocks (Second Preview)
The first preview appeared in Java 13 – JEP 354, now added two more new escape sequences:
\<end-of-line>suppresses the line termination.\sis translated into a single space.
Test.java
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String html = "<html>\n" +
" <body>\n" +
" <p>Hello, World</p>\n" +
" </body>\n" +
"</html>\n";
String java13 = """
<html>
<body>
<p>Hello, World</p>
</body>
</html>
""";
String java14 = """
<html>
<body>\
<p>Hello, '\s' World</p>\
</body>
</html>
""";
System.out.println(html);
System.out.println(java13);
System.out.println(java14);
}
}
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/javac --enable-preview --release 14 Test.java
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/java --enable-preview Test
Output
html>
<body>
<p>Hello, World</p>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<body>
<p>Hello, World</p>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<body> <p>Hello, ' ' World</p> </body>
</html>
Further Reading
For more Java text blocks examples, please refer to this Java multi-line string, text blocks
JEP 370: Foreign-Memory Access API (Incubator)
An incubator module, allow Java API to access foreign memory outside of the Java heap.
Test.java
import jdk.incubator.foreign.*;
import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
VarHandle intHandle = MemoryHandles.varHandle(int.class, ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
try (MemorySegment segment = MemorySegment.allocateNative(1024)) {
MemoryAddress base = segment.baseAddress();
System.out.println(base); // print memory address
intHandle.set(base, 999); // set value 999 into the foreign memory
System.out.println(intHandle.get(base)); // get the value from foreign memory
}
}
}
Compile and run with incubator module jdk.incubator.foreign.
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/javac --add-modules jdk.incubator.foreign Test.java
warning: using incubating module(s): jdk.incubator.foreign
1 warning
$ /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-14/bin/java --add-modules jdk.incubator.foreign Test
WARNING: Using incubator modules: jdk.incubator.foreign
MemoryAddress{ region: MemorySegment{ id=0x4aac6dca limit: 1024 } offset=0x0 }
999
Further Reading – jdk.incubator.foreign Javadoc
$ git clone https://github.com/mkyong/core-java
$ cd java-14