• ansible playbook实践(四)-如何调试写好的playbook文件


    有时,我们写了一个长长,功能很强悍的yaml文件,但是,我们有可能会担心,写的yaml文件是否正确,是否有漏洞危机,毕竟是要修改线上的机器,那么,有可能我们可以从以下几个检查维度来进行,确保在大规模应用之前已经被充分检查。

    检查三步骤:

    第一步:

    加上--syntax-check来检查你的playbook语法是否正确:

    [root@localhost playbook]# ansible-playbook -v --syntax-check template.yml

    Using /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg as config file

    playbook: template.yml

    第二步:加上--check,--diff和-i "xx.xx.xx.xx,"在单台机器跑一遍看看预期输出

    [root@localhost playbook]# ansible-playbook -v --diff --check template.yml

    第三步:加上去掉--check,只跑测试机(或一台不重要的机器)上试一下,看下结果是否符合预期。

    另外,有时我们写的yaml文件中包含了一此变量,我们担心变量替换后是否会有一些值不适合,该如何看变量替换成真实值后yaml文件的真实情况呢?我们可以借助template模块来进行:

    [root@localhost playbook]# cat template.yml 
    ---
    - hosts: all
      remote_user: root
      gather_facts: no
      vars:
        cmd: echo 'hello world'
      tasks:
        - name: final yaml 
          template: src=/etc/ansible/playbook/template.yml dest=/tmp/template.yml backup=yes 
          run_once: true
          delegate_to: 127.0.0.1
          tags:
            - g_yaml
    
        - name: exec shell
          shell: "{{ cmd }}"

    run_once表示此模块只跑一次,delegate_to表示转到在本机运行,然后给这个任务打个tag,叫g_yaml,运行时命令如下:

    [root@localhost playbook]# ansible-playbook -v -i "127.0.0.1," --tag g_yaml template.yml
    Using /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg as config file
    
    PLAY [all] ********************************************************************************
    
    TASK [final yaml] *************************************************************************
    ok: [127.0.0.1 -> 127.0.0.1] => {"changed": false, "checksum": "db12f54ebb55be35a1731ff9a5a20233afb3b84f", "gid": 0, "group": "root", "mode": "0644", "owner": "root", "path": "/tmp/template.yml", "size": 352, "state": "file", "uid": 0}
    
    PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************
    127.0.0.1                  : ok=1    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0   

    注意加上只运行某个tag,这样就能确保只有这个任务被执行,而其它任务不会被执行。由于这里已经有run_once: true,所以加不加上-i "127.0.0.1," 关系不大。

    再在本机查看煊染后的输出:

    [root@localhost playbook]# cat /tmp/template.yml
    ---
    - hosts: all
      remote_user: root
      gather_facts: no
      vars:
        cmd: echo 'hello world'
      tasks:
        - name: final yaml 
          template: src=/etc/ansible/playbook/template.yml dest=/tmp/template.yml backup=yes 
          run_once: true
          delegate_to: 127.0.0.1
          tags:
            - g_yaml
    
        - name: exec shell
          shell: "echo 'hello world'"

    这就是我们真正执行时的内容。当然,如果有些变量是引用远程主机的值,如ip等,那就把这个delegate_to去掉,把-i里面的ip替换成远程主机ip,就可以了,如下:

    ansible-playbook -v -i "xx.xx.xx.xx," --tag g_yaml template.yml

    ansible中还有一个debugger,当出错时用来详细观察输出调试信息,使用方法为,加上strategy: debug:

    [root@localhost playbook]# cat debugger.yml 
    ---
    - hosts: all
      strategy: debug
      gather_facts: no
      vars:
        var1: value1
      tasks:
        - name: ping 
          ping: data={{ wrong_var }}

    执行如下:

    [root@localhost playbook]# ansible-playbook -i "192.168.40.72," debugger.yml 
    
    PLAY [all] ********************************************************************************
    
    TASK [ping] *******************************************************************************
    fatal: [192.168.40.72]: FAILED! => {"msg": "The task includes an option with an undefined variable. The error was: 'wrong_var' is undefined
    
    The error appears to have been in '/etc/ansible/playbook/debugger.yml': line 8, column 7, but may
    be elsewhere in the file depending on the exact syntax problem.
    
    The offending line appears to be:
    
      tasks:
        - name: ping
          ^ here
    
    exception type: <class 'ansible.errors.AnsibleUndefinedVariable'>
    exception: 'wrong_var' is undefined"}
    Debugger invoked
    (debug) p result
    {'failed': True,
     'msg': u"The task includes an option with an undefined variable. The error was: 'wrong_var' is undefined
    
    The error appears to have been in '/etc/ansible/playbook/debugger.yml': line 8, column 7, but may
    be elsewhere in the file depending on the exact syntax problem.
    
    The offending line appears to be:
    
      tasks:
        - name: ping
          ^ here
    
    exception type: <class 'ansible.errors.AnsibleUndefinedVariable'>
    exception: 'wrong_var' is undefined"}
    (debug) p task.args
    {u'data': u'{{ wrong_var }}'}
    (debug) task.args['data'] = '{{ var1 }}'
    (debug)  p task.args
    {u'data': '{{ var1 }}'}
    (debug) redo
    ok: [192.168.40.72]
    
    PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************
    192.168.40.72              : ok=1    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0   

    调试模式下支持如下的命令:

    1. p task/vars/host/result 打印值
    2. task.args[key] = value 修改task中的参数值
    3. vars[key] = value 修改变量值
    4. r(edo) 重跑这个失败的任务
    5. c(ontinue) 继续任务
    6. q(uit) 退出调试,整个执行过程也会终止

    关于第二和第三点,一个是修改参数值,一个是修改变量值,这里补充再做个说明:

    - hosts: test
      strategy: debug
      gather_facts: yes
      vars:
        pkg_name: not_exist
      tasks:
        - name: install package
          apt: name={{ pkg_name }}
    
    执行后的输出
    (debug) p task.args
    {u'name': u'{{ pkg_name }}'}
    (debug) task.args['name'] = 'bash'
    (debug) p task.args
    {u'name': 'bash'}
    (debug) redo
    
    这里面name为任务中的参数值
    
    或者:
    (debug) p vars['pkg_name']
    u'not_exist'
    (debug) vars['pkg_name'] = 'bash'
    (debug) p vars['pkg_name']
    'bash'
    (debug) redo
    这里面pkg_name为playbook中的变量值

    如上信息应该可以帮你写出一个更好的playbook。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zejin2008/p/8435518.html
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