MySQL环境变量：https://hub.docker.com/r/mysql/mysql-server/
详见上述官方链接，个人觉得比较有用的是几个启动Docker时可以带上的数据库初始化参数：
#设置监听地址，默认只有本机可连接，可设为%使得所有客户端均可连
MYSQL_ROOT_HOST
#root密码设置
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD #指定密码
MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD #空密码
MYSQL_RANDOM_ROOT_PASSWORD #随机密码，一次性，一段时间后过期
MYSQL_ONETIME_PASSWORD
#docker启动后创建初始数据库
MYSQL_DATABASE
#docker启动后创建初始用户，只对初始数据库拥有所有权限
MYSQL_USER
MYSQL_PASSWORD
使用示例：
#!/usr/bin/env bash set -o nounset set -o errexit set -o pipefail dbRootPwd=123 dbSensestudyDbName=sensestudydev dbSensestudyUsername=sensestudy dbSensestudyUserPwd="LKxx880)Hsens#estudyKSy8po4A" dbSensestudyDbSqlFilePath=dump.sql echo start mysql from docker ... docker run --name mysql_sensestudy -p 3307:3306 -d -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=$dbRootPwd -e MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=% -e MYSQL_DATABASE=$dbSensestudyDbName -e MYSQL_USER=$dbSensestudyUsername -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=$dbSensestudyUserPwd mysql/mysql-server:5.7 echo start mysql from docker done.
初始化数据库数据：
若在Docker启动时指定了初始化的数据库，此时若想同时初始化该数据库里的数据，可以用Docker命令把sql脚本复制到Docker并执行之（当然也可以在启动时挂载进去从而省去手动复制，不过挂载要求源文件所在目录的绝对路径，麻烦点），如下：
//值得注意的是这种手动执行脚本的方法要求在启动完Docker一定时间后才执行之因为MySQL没初始化完成，否则会报连不上的错误。...在这上面费了好长时间 docker cp $dbSensestudyDbSqlFilePath $dockerMySQLInstanceName:/$dbSensestudyDbSqlFilePath docker exec $dockerMySQLInstanceName /bin/sh -c " mysql -uroot -p$dbRootPwd $dbSensestudyDbName < /$dbSensestudyDbSqlFilePath "
更简单的做法是把sql脚本所在目录挂载到Docker的 /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d 目录下，容器创建时会自动执行该目录下的脚本。
it will execute files with extensions
.sh,.sqland.sql.gzthat are found in/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d. Files will be executed in alphabetical order.
dump mysql through docker：
$ docker exec some-mysql sh -c 'exec mysqldump --all-databases -uroot -p"$MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD"' > /some/path/on/your/host/all-databases.sql
完整脚本：
1 #!/bin/bash 2 3 curCMD=$1 4 5 # set -x 6 set -o nounset 7 set -o errexit 8 set -o pipefail 9 10 dockerMySQLInstanceName=mysql_sensestudy 11 dbPort=3307 12 dbRootPwd=123 13 dbSensestudyDbName=sensestudydev 14 dbSensestudyUsername=sensestudy 15 dbSensestudyUserPwd="xxx" 16 dbSensestudyDbInitSqlFilePath=init.sql 17 18 19 #docker service is required 20 #echo check if docker service has started ... 21 if [ ` systemctl is-active docker` != "active" ]; then ` systemctl start docker` ; fi 22 #echo docker service started 23 24 25 26 #创建容器 27 function createMySQL() 28 { 29 echo create mysql from docker ... 30 31 docker run --name $dockerMySQLInstanceName -p $dbPort:3306 -d 32 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=$dbRootPwd 33 -e MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=% 34 -e MYSQL_DATABASE=$dbSensestudyDbName 35 -e MYSQL_USER=$dbSensestudyUsername 36 -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=$dbSensestudyUserPwd 37 -v $PWD/mysql_data:/var/lib/mysql 38 mysql/mysql-server:5.7 --character-set-server=utf8 39 40 echo create mysql from docker done. 41 } # -v $PWD/mysql_script:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d 42 43 44 #初始化Docker里MySQL数据库数据，也可以把sql脚本所在目录的绝对路径挂载到/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d 45 function initMySQLData() 46 { 47 echo init db data ... 48 set -x 49 50 docker cp $dbSensestudyDbInitSqlFilePath $dockerMySQLInstanceName:/$dbSensestudyDbInitSqlFilePath 51 docker exec $dockerMySQLInstanceName 52 /bin/sh -c " mysql -uroot -p$dbRootPwd $dbSensestudyDbName < /$dbSensestudyDbInitSqlFilePath " 53 set +x 54 55 echo init db data done. 56 } 57 58 59 60 #启动MySQL容器，若不存在则创建容器并从sql脚本初始化数据 61 function start() 62 { 63 echo start $dockerMySQLInstanceName on port $dbPort ... 64 65 if [ "`docker ps -a|grep "$dockerMySQLInstanceName" `" = "" ] 66 then 67 createMySQL 68 sleep 15 69 initMySQLData 70 else 71 docker container start $dockerMySQLInstanceName 72 fi 73 74 echo start $dockerMySQLInstanceName done. 75 } 76 77 78 # 关闭容器 79 function stop() 80 { 81 echo stop $dockerMySQLInstanceName ... 82 if [ "`docker container ls| grep ${dockerMySQLInstanceName}`" != "" ] 83 then 84 docker container stop $dockerMySQLInstanceName 85 fi 86 echo stop $dockerMySQLInstanceName done. 87 } 88 89 90 # 删除容器 91 function remove() 92 { 93 # first stop 94 stop 95 96 # then remove 97 echo delete $dockerMySQLInstanceName ... 98 if [ "`docker ps -a| grep ${dockerMySQLInstanceName}`" != "" ] 99 then 100 docker container rm $dockerMySQLInstanceName 101 fi 102 echo delete $dockerMySQLInstanceName done. 103 } 104 105 function restart() 106 { 107 stop 108 sleep 2 109 start 110 } 111 112 function status() 113 { 114 if [ "`docker container ls| grep ${dockerMySQLInstanceName}`" = "" ] 115 then 116 echo mysql container is not running. 117 else 118 echo `docker container ls| grep ${dockerMySQLInstanceName}` 119 fi 120 } 121 122 123 124 if [ "$curCMD" = "start" ] 125 then 126 start 127 128 elif [ "$curCMD" = "stop" ] 129 then 130 stop 131 132 elif [ "$curCMD" = "restart" ] 133 then 134 restart 135 136 elif [ "$curCMD" = "status" ] 137 then 138 status 139 140 elif [ "$curCMD" = "remove" ] 141 then 142 remove 143 144 145 else 146 echo "error command: please use option: start|stop|restart|status|remove" 147 fi
更全面的内容：https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql/
参考资料：
https://hub.docker.com/r/mysql/mysql-server/：环境变量
https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql/：构建、连接、环境变量、初始化、数据存储等