• Java快速教程--vamei 学习笔记(进阶篇)


    感谢vamei,学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/03/31/2991531.html


    Java进阶01 String类

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/08/3000914.html

    字符串操作

     --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    可以用+实现字符串的连接(concatenate),比如:

    "abc" + s

    字符串的操作大都通过字符串的相应方法实现,比如下面的方法:

    方法                 效果

    s.length()              返回s字符串长度

    s.charAt(2)           返回s字符串中下标为2的字符

    s.substring(0, 4)          返回s字符串中下标0到4的子字符串

    s.indexOf("Hello")          返回子字符串"Hello"的下标

    s.startsWith(" ")           判断s是否以空格开始

    s.endsWith("oo")            判断s是否以"oo"结束

    s.equals("Good World!")       判断s是否等于"Good World!"

                   ==只能判断字符串是否保存在同一位置。需要使用equals()判断字符串的内容是否相同。

    s.compareTo("Hello Nerd!")    比较s字符串与"Hello Nerd!"在词典中的顺序,

                   返回一个整数,如果<0,说明s在"Hello Nerd!"之前;

                          如果>0,说明s在"Hello Nerd!"之后;

                          如果==0,说明s与"Hello Nerd!"相等。

    s.trim()              去掉s前后的空格字符串,并返回新的字符串

    s.toUpperCase()           将s转换为大写字母,并返回新的字符串

    s.toLowerCase()        将s转换为小写,并返回新的字符串

    s.replace("World", "Universe")    将"World"替换为"Universe",并返回新的字符串


    Java进阶02 异常处理

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/09/3000894.html

    异常处理是在解决问题,同时也是在制造问题。大型项目中,过多、过细的异常处理往往会导致程序变得一团糟。异常处理的设计并不简单,并需要谨慎使用。

    package test;
    
    public class Test 
    {
        public static void main(String[ ] args)    
        {
            Battery aBattery = new Battery();
            aBattery.chargeBattery(0.5);
            aBattery.useBattery(-0.5);
        }
    }
    
    class Battery
    {
        /**
         *  increase battery
         */
        public void chargeBattery(double p)
        {
            // power <= 1
            if (this.power + p < 1.)
            {
                this.power = this.power + p;
            }
            else
            {
                this.power = 1.;
            }
        }
        
        /**
         *  consume Battery
         */
        public boolean useBattery(double p)
        {
            try {
                test(p);
            }
            catch(Exception e) 
            {
                System.out.println("catch Exception");
                System.out.println(e.getMessage());
                p = 0.0;
            }
            
            if(this.power >=  p)
            {
                this.power = this.power - p;
                return true;
            }
            else
            {
                this.power = 0.0;
                return false;
            }
        }
        
        /**
         * test usage
         */
        private void test(double p) throws Exception // I just throw.don't handle
        {
            if (p < 0) 
            {
                Exception e = new Exception("p must be positive");
                throw e;
            }
        }
        
        private double power = 0.0; // percentage of battery
    }

    Java进阶03 IO基础

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/11/3000905.html

    package test;
    
    import java.io.*;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
            try {
                BufferedReader br =
                  new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt")); 
    
                String line = br.readLine();
    
                while (line != null) {
                    System.out.println(line);
                    line = br.readLine();
                }
                br.close();
            }
            catch(IOException e) {
                System.out.println("IO Problem");
            }
        }
    }

    Hello World!
    Hello Nerd!

    package test;
    
    import java.io.*;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
            try {
                String content = "Thank you for your fish.";
    
                File file = new File("new.txt");
    
                // create the file if doesn't exists
                if (!file.exists()) {
                    file.createNewFile();
                }
    
                FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile());
                BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
                bw.write(content);
                bw.close();
    
            }
            catch(IOException e) {
                System.out.println("IO Problem");
            }
        }
    }


    Java进阶04 RTTI

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/14/3013985.html

    运行时类型识别(RTTI, Run-Time Type Identification)是Java中非常有用的机制,在Java运行时,RTTI维护类的相关信息。

    多态(polymorphism)是基于RTTI实现的。RTTI的功能主要是由Class类实现的。

    package test;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
            Human aPerson = new Human();
            Class c1      = aPerson.getClass();
            System.out.println(c1.getName());
            
            Human anotherPerson = new Woman();
            Class c2      = anotherPerson.getClass();
            System.out.println(c2.getName());  
    
    //        Class c3      =  Class.forName("Human");
    //        System.out.println(c3.getName());
            /*
             * 这句有问题,  Class c3      =  Class.forName("Human");
             */
            
            Class c4 = Woman.class;
            System.out.println(c4.getName());
        }
    }
    
    class Human
    {    
        /**
         * accessor
         */
        public int getHeight()
        {
           return this.height;
        }
    
        /**
         * mutator
         */
        public void growHeight(int h)
        {
            this.height = this.height + h;
        }
    private int height; 
    }
    
    
    class Woman extends Human
    {
        /**
         * new method
         */
        public Human giveBirth()
        {
            System.out.println("Give birth");
            return (new Human());
        }
    
    }

    Java进阶05 多线程

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/15/3000898.html

    多线程(multiple thread)是计算机实现多任务并行处理的一种方式。

    在单线程情况下,计算机中存在一个控制权,并按照顺序依次执行指令。单线程好像是一个只有一个队长指挥的小队,整个小队同一个时间只能执行一个任务。

    在多线程情境下,计算机中有多个控制权。多个控制权可以同时进行,每个控制权依次执行一系列的指令。多线程好像是一个小队中的成员同时执行不同的任务。

    在多线程编程中,要尽力避免竞争条件(racing condition),即运行结果依赖于不同线程执行的先后。线程是并发执行的,无法确定线程的先后,所以我们的程序中不应该出现竞争条件。

    创建线程

    package test;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
            NewThread thread1 = new NewThread();
            NewThread thread2 = new NewThread();
            thread1.start();         //start thread1
            thread2.start();        //start thread2
        }
    }
    
    /**
     *  create new thread by inheriting Thread
     */
    class NewThread extends Thread
    {
        private static int threadID = 0;    //shared by all
        
        /**
         *  constructor
         */
        public NewThread()
        {
            super("ID: " + (++threadID));
        }
        
        /**
         * convert object to string
         */
        public String toString()
        {
            return super.getName();
        }
        
        /**
         * what dors the thread do?
         */
        public void run()
        {
            System.out.println(this);
        }
    }

    Runnable

    package test;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
            Thread thread1 = new Thread(new NewThread(), "first");
            Thread thread2 = new Thread(new NewThread(), "second");
            thread1.start();         //start thread1
            thread2.start();        //start thread2
        }
    }
    
    /**
     *  create new thread by implementing Runnable
     */
    class NewThread implements Runnable
    {
        /**
         * convert object to string
         */
        public String toString()
        {
            return Thread.currentThread().getName();
        }
        
        /**
         * what dors the thread do?
         */
        public void run()
        {
            System.out.println(this);
        }
    }

     售票程序

    3个售票亭(Booth)共同售卖100张票(Reservoir)。每个售票亭要先判断是否有余票,然后再卖出一张票。如果只剩下一张票,在一个售票亭的判断和售出两个动作之间,另一个售票亭卖出该票,那么第一个售票亭(由于已经执行过判断)依然会齿形卖出,造成票的超卖。为了解决该问题,判断和售出两个动作之间不能有“空隙”。也就是说,在一个线程完成了这两个动作之后,才能有另一个线程执行。

    在Java中,我们将共享的资源置于一个对象中,比如下面r(Reservoir)对象。它包含了总共的票数;将可能造成竞争条件的,针对共享资源的操作,放在synchronized(同步)方法中,比如下面的sellTicket()。synchronized是方法的修饰符。在Java中,同一对象的synchronized方法只能同时被一个线程调用。其他线程必须等待该线程调用结束,(余下的线程之一)才能运行。这样,我们就排除了竞争条件的可能。

    在main()方法中,我们将共享的资源(r对象)传递给多个线程:

    package test;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
            Reservoir r = new Reservoir(100);
            Booth b1 = new Booth(r);
            Booth b2 = new Booth(r);
            Booth b3 = new Booth(r);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     *  contain shared resource
     */
    class Reservoir
    {
        private int total;
        
        public Reservoir(int t)
        {
            this.total = t;
        }
        
        /**
         * Thread safe method
         * serialize access to Booth.total
         */
        public synchronized boolean sellTicket()
        {
            if(this.total > 0)
            {
                this.total = this.total -1;
                return true;         //        successfully sell one ticket
            }
            else
            {
                return false;        //        no more tickets
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     *  create new thread by inheriting Thread
     */
    class Booth extends Thread
    {
        private static int threadID = 0;        // owned by Class object
        private Reservoir release;                    // sell this reservoir 
        private int count = 0;                            // owned by this thread object
        /**
         * constructor
         */
        public Booth(Reservoir r)
        {
            super("ID: " + (++threadID));
            this.release = r;                                    // all threads share the same reservoir
            this.start();
        }
        
        /**
         * convert object to string
         */
        public String toString()
        {
            return super.getName();
        }
        
        /**
         * what does the thread do?
         */
        public void run()
        {
            while(true)
            {
                if(this.release.sellTicket())
                {
                    this.count = this.count + 1;
                    System.out.println(this.getName() + ": sell 1");
                    try
                    {
                        sleep((int) Math.random()*100);            //random intervals
                    }
                    catch (InterruptedException e)
                    {
                        throw new RuntimeException(e);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    break;
                }
            }
            System.out.println(this.getName() + "I sold: " + count);
        }
    
    }

    Java进阶06 容器

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/15/3000913.html

    package test;
    
    import java.util.*;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
    //        Human[] persons = new Human[2];              // array size 2
    //        persons[0] = new Human(160);
    //        persons[1] = new Human(170);
    
            int[] a = {1, 2, 3, 7, 9};                   // array size 5
            System.out.println(a[2]);
    
            String[] names = {"Tom", "Jerry", "Luffy"};  // array size 3
            System.out.println(names[0]);
            
            int[] aFrom = {1, 2, 3, 7, 9}; // array size 5
            int[] aTo  = new int[3];
            System.arraycopy(aFrom, 1, aTo, 0, 3);
            System.out.println(aTo[1]);
            
            System.out.println("表(List)");
            List<String> l1 = new ArrayList<String>();
            l1.add("good");            //   good
            l1.add("bad");                //   good -> bad
            l1.add("shit");                //   good -> bad -> shit
            l1.remove(0);                //   bad -> shit
            System.out.println(l1.get(1));
            System.out.println(l1.size());
            
            System.out.println("集合(set)");
            Set<Integer> s1 = new HashSet<Integer>();
            s1.add(4);                        //[4]
            s1.add(5);                        //[4,5]
            s1.add(4);                        //[4,5]
            s1.remove(5);                //[4]
            System.out.println(s1);
            System.out.println(s1.size());
            
            System.out.println("iterator()方法");
            List<Integer> l2 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
            l2.add(4);
            l2.add(5);
            l2.add(2);
            Iterator i = l2.iterator();
            while(i.hasNext()) {
                System.out.println(i.next());
            }
            
            System.out.println("Map是键值对的集合");
            Map<String, Integer> m1 = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
            m1.put("Vamei", 12);
            m1.put("Jerry", 5);
            m1.put("Tom", 18);
            System.out.println(m1.get("Vamei"));
            /*
             * Map还提供了下面的方法,来返回一个Collection:
             * keySet()  将所有的键转换为Set
             * values()  将所有的值转换为List
             */
        }
    }

     


    Java进阶07 嵌套类

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/16/3000896.html

    内部类

    package test;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
            Human me        = new Human("Vamei");
            Human him       = new Human("Jerry");
    
            Human.Cup myFirstCup  = me.new Cup();
            Human.Cup mySecondCup = me.new Cup();
            Human.Cup hisCup      = him.new Cup();
            System.out.println(myFirstCup.whosCup());
            System.out.println(mySecondCup.whosCup());
            System.out.println(hisCup.whosCup());
        }
    }
    
    class Human
    {
        /**
         * inner class
         */
        class Cup
        {
            public String whosCup()
            {
                return name;  // access outer field
            }
        }
    
        /**
         * constructor
         */
        public Human(String n)
        {
            this.name = n;
        }
    
    
        public void changeName(String n)
        {
            this.name = n;
        }
    
        private String name;
    }

    嵌套static类 

    package test;
    
    public class Test
    {
        public static void main(String[] args)
        {
            Human.Mongolian him = new Human.Mongolian();
            him.Shout();
        }
    }
    
    class Human
    {
        /**
         * nested class
         */
        static class Mongolian
        {
            public void Shout()
            {
                System.out.println("Oh...Ho...");
            }
        }
    }

    Java进阶08 GUI

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/17/3000908.html

     GUI(Graphical User Interface)提供了图形化的界面,允许用户以图形的方式与系统进行互动。

    java布局方式:http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/layout/visual.html

    package test;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    import java.awt.*;
    
    public class Test {
        private static void createAndShowGUI() {
            JFrame frame = new JFrame("HelloWorld");
            frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    
            // Pane's layout
            Container cp = frame.getContentPane();
            cp.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
    
            // create button
            JButton b1 = new JButton("click me");
            JButton b2 = new JButton("shit");
    
            // add buttons
            cp.add(b1);
            cp.add(b2);
    
            // show the window
            frame.pack();
            frame.setVisible(true);
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Runnable tr = new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    createAndShowGUI();
                }
            };
            javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeLater(tr);
        }
    }


    Java进阶09 事件响应

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/23/3000911.html

    package test;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    import java.awt.event.*;
    import java.awt.*;
    
    public class Test {
        private static void createAndShowGUI() {
            JFrame frame = new JFrame("Hello");
            frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
    
            // Pane's layout
            Container cp = frame.getContentPane();
            cp.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
    
         // add interactive panel to Content Pane
            cp.add(new ButtonPanel());
    
            // show the window
            frame.pack();
            frame.setVisible(true);
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Runnable tr = new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    createAndShowGUI();
                }
            };
            javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeLater(tr);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * JPanel with Event Handling
     */
    class ButtonPanel extends JPanel
    {
        public ButtonPanel()
        {
            JButton yellowButton = new JButton("Yellow");
            JButton redButton = new JButton("Red");
            
            this.add(yellowButton);
            this.add(redButton);
            
            /**
             * register ActionListeners
             */
            ColorAction yellowAction = new ColorAction(Color.yellow);
            ColorAction redAction    = new ColorAction(Color.red);
            
            yellowButton.addActionListener(yellowAction);
            redButton.addActionListener(redAction);
        }
        
        /**
         * ActionListener as an inner class
         */
        private class ColorAction implements ActionListener
        {
            public ColorAction(Color c)
            { 
                backgroundColor = c;
        }
       
        
            /**
             * Actions
             */
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
            {
                setBackground(backgroundColor); // outer object, JPanel method
                repaint();
            }
        
            private Color backgroundColor;
        }
    }

         


    Java进阶10 内存管理与垃圾回收

    学习链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2013/04/28/3048353.html

    JVM的垃圾回收是多种机制的混合。JVM会根据程序运行状况,自行决定采用哪种垃圾回收。

    我们先来了解"mark and sweep"。这种机制下,每个对象将有标记信息,用于表示该对象是否可到达。当垃圾回收启动时,Java程序暂停运行。JVM从根出发,找到所有的可到达对象,并标记(mark)。随后,JVM需要扫描整个堆,找到剩余的对象,并清空这些对象所占据的内存。

    另一种是"copy and sweep"。这种机制下,堆被分为两个区域。对象总存活于两个区域中的一个。当垃圾回收启动时,Java程序暂停运行。JVM从根出发,找到可到达对象,将可到达对象复制到空白区域中并紧密排列,修改由于对象移动所造成的引用地址的变化。最后,直接清空对象原先存活的整个区域,使其成为新的空白区域。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/yzmb/p/3913065.html
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