• 《Entity Framework 6 Recipes》中文翻译系列 (11) -----第三章 查询之异步查询 (转)


    第三章 查询

      前一章,我们展示了常见数据库场景的建模方式,本章将向你展示如何查询实体数据模型,一般来说,有三种方式:

        1、LINQ to Entities;

        2、Entity SQL;

        3、Native SQL;

      我们将在本章演示这三种方式,为了帮助你理解实体框架查询的基本知识,本章覆盖了常见和不常见的场景。同时我们也展示了实体框架6新的查询功能。

    3-1.异步查询

      你有一个长耗时的实体框架查询,当执行查询时,你不想打断应用程序主线程运行,在数据返加之前,能让用户做一些别的操作。同时,使用LINQ to Entities来查询模型也一样重要,它是查询数据库模型的首选方案。

    解决方案

      假设你有如图3-1所示的模型。

    图3-1 模型中,一个代表助理的Associate的实体类型和一个代表助理工资历史的AssociateSalary实体

      

      在这个模型中,我们有两个代表助理和他们工资历史的实体。

      作为开始,我们在示例中使用Code-First方法创建类,在代码清单3-1中,创建这些实体类。

    代码清单3-1  Associate 和 AssociateSalary实体类型

    复制代码
     1 public class Associate
     2     {
     3         public Associate()
     4         {
     5             AssociateSalaries = new HashSet<AssociateSalary>();
     6         }
     7         public int AssociateId { get; set; }
     8         public string Name { get; set; }
     9         public virtual ICollection<AssociateSalary> AssociateSalaries { get; set; }
    10     }
    11     public class AssociateSalary
    12     {
    13         public int SalaryId { get; set; }
    14         public int AssociateId { get; set; }
    15         public decimal Salary { get; set; }
    16         public DateTime SalaryDate { get; set; }
    17         public virtual Associate Associate { get; set; }
    18     }
    复制代码

       接下来,代码清单3-2使用Code-First创建DbContext上下文对象,注意在OnModelCreateing方法中,我们显示地将SalaryId属性映射为AssociateSalary表的主键。当我们使用Code Firtst时,如果一个属性的名字是Id或者<表名>Id,实体框架为假定该属性是对应表的主键。另外,像这里这样,要显式设置主键。

     代码清单3-2 Dbcontext上下文对象

    复制代码
     1 public class EFRecipesEntities : DbContext
     2     {
     3         public EFRecipesEntities()
     4             : base("ConnectionString")
     5         {
     6         }
     7 
     8         public DbSet<Associate> Associates { get; set; }
     9         public DbSet<AssociateSalary> AssociateSalaries { get; set; }
    10 
    11         protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    12         {
    13             modelBuilder.Entity<Associate>().ToTable("Chapter3.Associate");
    14             modelBuilder.Entity<AssociateSalary>().ToTable("Chapter3.AssociateSalary");
    15             
    16             //显示分配实体键为AssociateSalary表的主键,以免实体框架使用默认映射约定
    17             modelBuilder.Entity<AssociateSalary>().HasKey(x => x.SalaryId);
    18             base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);
    19         }
    20     }
    复制代码

       代码清单3-3 演示,如何借助新实体框架的异步方法实现异步查询,删除、加载、获取数据。

    代码清单3-3.异步处理实体框架查询

    复制代码
      1  private static void Main()
      2         {
      3             var asyncTask = EF6AsyncDemo();
      4 
      5             foreach (var c in BusyChars())
      6             {
      7                 if (asyncTask.IsCompleted)
      8                 { 
      9                     break;
     10                 }
     11                 Console.Write(c);
     12                 Console.CursorLeft = 0;
     13                 Thread.Sleep(100);
     14             }
     15             Console.WriteLine("
    Press <enter> to continue...");
     16             Console.ReadLine();
     17         }
     18 
     19         private static IEnumerable<char> BusyChars()
     20         {
     21             while (true)
     22             {
     23                 yield return '\';
     24                 yield return '|';
     25                 yield return '/';
     26                 yield return '-';
     27             }
     28         }
     29 
     30         private static async Task EF6AsyncDemo()
     31         {
     32             await Cleanup();
     33             await LoadData();
     34             await RunForEachAsyncExample();
     35             await RunToListAsyncExampe();
     36             await RunSingleOrDefaultAsyncExampe();
     37         }
     38 
     39         private static async Task Cleanup()
     40         {
     41             using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
     42             {
     43                 // 清除原始数据
     44                 // 异步执行原始SQL语句             
     45                 Console.WriteLine("Cleaning Up Previous Test Data");
     46                 Console.WriteLine("=========
    ");
     47                 
     48                 await context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommandAsync("delete from chapter3.AssociateSalary");
     49                 await context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommandAsync("delete from chapter3.Associate");
     50                 await Task.Delay(5000);
     51             }
     52         }
     53 
     54         private static async Task LoadData()
     55         {
     56             using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
     57             {
     58                 // 添加测试数据
     59                 Console.WriteLine("Adding Test Data");
     60                 Console.WriteLine("=========
    ");
     61 
     62                 var assoc1 = new Associate { Name = "Janis Roberts" };
     63                 var assoc2 = new Associate { Name = "Kevin Hodges" };
     64                 var assoc3 = new Associate { Name = "Bill Jordan" };
     65                 var salary1 = new AssociateSalary
     66                 {
     67                     Salary = 39500M,
     68                     SalaryDate = DateTime.Parse("8/4/09")
     69                 };
     70                 var salary2 = new AssociateSalary
     71                 {
     72                     Salary = 41900M,
     73                     SalaryDate = DateTime.Parse("2/5/10")
     74                 };
     75                 var salary3 = new AssociateSalary
     76                 {
     77                     Salary = 33500M,
     78                     SalaryDate = DateTime.Parse("10/08/09")
     79                 };
     80                 assoc1.AssociateSalaries.Add(salary1);
     81                 assoc2.AssociateSalaries.Add(salary2);
     82                 assoc3.AssociateSalaries.Add(salary3);
     83                 context.Associates.Add(assoc1);
     84                 context.Associates.Add(assoc2);
     85                 context.Associates.Add(assoc3);
     86 
     87                 // 异步保存
     88                 await context.SaveChangesAsync();
     89                 await Task.Delay(5000);
     90             }
     91         }
     92 
     93         private static async Task RunForEachAsyncExample()
     94         {
     95             using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
     96             {
     97                 Console.WriteLine("Async ForEach Call");
     98                 Console.WriteLine("=========");
     99 
    100                 // 借助 ForEachAsync 方法
    101                 await context.Associates.Include(x => x.AssociateSalaries).ForEachAsync(x =>
    102                 {
    103                     Console.WriteLine("Here are the salaries for Associate {0}:", x.Name);
    104 
    105                     foreach (var salary in x.AssociateSalaries)
    106                     {
    107                         Console.WriteLine("	{0}", salary.Salary);
    108                     }
    109                 });
    110                 await Task.Delay(5000);
    111             }
    112         }
    113 
    114         private static async Task RunToListAsyncExampe()
    115         {
    116             using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
    117             {
    118                 Console.WriteLine("
    
    Async ToList Call");
    119                 Console.WriteLine("=========");
    120 
    121                 // 借助 ToListAsync 方法
    122                 var associates = await context.Associates.Include(x => x.AssociateSalaries).OrderBy(x => x.Name).ToListAsync();
    123 
    124                 foreach (var associate in associates)
    125                 {
    126                     Console.WriteLine("Here are the salaries for Associate {0}:", associate.Name);
    127                     foreach (var salaryInfo in associate.AssociateSalaries)
    128                     {
    129                         Console.WriteLine("	{0}", salaryInfo.Salary);
    130                     }  
    131                 }
    132                 await Task.Delay(5000);
    133             }
    134         }
    135 
    136         private static async Task RunSingleOrDefaultAsyncExampe()
    137         {
    138             using (var context = new EFRecipesEntities())
    139             {
    140                 Console.WriteLine("
    
    Async SingleOrDefault Call");
    141                 Console.WriteLine("=========");
    142 
    143                 var associate = await context.Associates.
    144                     Include(x => x.AssociateSalaries).
    145                     OrderBy(x => x.Name).
    146                     FirstOrDefaultAsync(y => y.Name == "Kevin Hodges");
    147 
    148                 Console.WriteLine("Here are the salaries for Associate {0}:", associate.Name);
    149                 foreach (var salaryInfo in associate.AssociateSalaries)
    150                 {
    151                     Console.WriteLine("	{0}", salaryInfo.Salary);
    152                 }
    153                 await Task.Delay(5000);
    154             }
    155         }
    复制代码

    代码清单3-3输出如下:

    复制代码
    Cleaning Up Previous Test Data
    =========
    Adding Test Data
    =========
    Async ForEach Call
    =========
    Here are the salaries for Associate Janis Roberts:
    39500.00
    Here are the salaries for Associate Kevin Hodges:
    41900.00
    Here are the salaries for Associate Bill Jordan:
    33500.00
    Async ToList Call
    =========
    Here are the salaries for Associate Bill Jordan:
    33500.00
    Here are the salaries for Associate Janis Roberts:
    39500.00
    Here are the salaries for Associate Kevin Hodges:
    41900.00
    Async SingleOrDefault Call
    =========
    Here are the salaries for Associate Kevin Hodges:
    41900.00
    复制代码

    原理

      在这个示例中,我们演示了实体框架的两个关键概念的用途:使用LINQ扩展查询模型以及实体框架6中实现的新的异步功能。

      对于绝大多数的查询操作,你都需要用到LINQ。这样做会给你带来,智能提示、编译时检查,以及强类型的编程体验。如果你需要在运行时动态构建查询,你可以考虑使用Entity SQL,它能连接查询表达式各个部分的字符串。你将在本节后面看到相关的示例。

      开始时,我们先清除之前数据库中的测试数据。请注意我们是如何把Cleanup()操作包装在一个异步方法中的。然后我们生成原始的SQL语句,并调用新的ExecuteSqlCommandAsync()方法。请注意我们是如何凭借.NET framework4.5中的async/await异步模式。这种模式能够不通过显示实例化一个后台线程来实现异步;此外,它释放当前等待数据库操作完成的CLR线程控制权。(译注:也就是不卡住当前线程 ,让它可以继续执行别的操作)。

      接下来,我们加载测试数据Associate和AssoicateSalareies。为了执行异步调用,像前面一样,我们将LoadData()操作包装在一个异步方法中,并通过最新增加的SaveChangesAsync()方法在数据库中插入测试数据。

      接下为,我们呈现了三种不同的模型查询方式,每种方式都凭借了实体框架中的LINQ扩展,每种方式都凭借await/async模式包含在一个异步方法中。在RunForEachAsyncExample()方法中,由于没有与foreach语句相匹配异步方法,我们使用了ForEachAsync()扩展方法。凭借这个异步方法以及 Inclued()方法,我们能够异步查询和枚举这些对象。

      在随后的RunToListAsyncExample()和RunSingeOrDefaultAsyncExample()查询中,我们凭借ToList()和SingleOrDefault()方法的新的异步方法来实现。

      实体框架现在公布了大量的异步操作方法。它们的命名约定是,在已存在的api名称中加上后缀Asyn,使其相对简单地在添加或者获取数据时实现异步。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/yunxiaguo/p/5819592.html
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