跳跃表 https://61mon.com/index.php/archives/222/

跳跃表（英文名：Skip List），于 1990 年 William Pugh 发明，是一个可以在有序元素中实现快速查询的数据结构，其插入，查找，删除操作的平均效率都为

。

跳跃表的整体性能可以和二叉查找树（AVL 树，红黑树等）相媲美，其在 Redis 和 LevelDB 中都有广泛的应用。

每个结点除了数据域，还有若干个指针指向下一个结点。

整体上看，Skip List 就是带有层级结构的链表（结点都是排好序的），最下面一层（level 0）是所有结点组成的一个链表，依次往上，每一层也都是一个链表。不同的是，它们只包含一部分结点，并且越往上结点越少。仔细观察你会发现，通过增加层数，从当前结点可以直接访问更远的结点（这也就是 Skip List 的精髓所在），就像跳过去一样，所以取名叫 Skip List（跳跃表）。

具体参考：https://61mon.com/index.php/archives/222/

/**
*
* author 刘毅（Limer）
* date   2017-09-01
* mode   C++
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

#define P 0.25
#define MAX_LEVEL 32

struct Node
{
    int key;
    Node ** forward;
    Node(int key = 0, int level = MAX_LEVEL)
    {
        this->key = key;
        forward = new Node*[level];
        memset(forward, 0, level * sizeof(Node*));
    }
};

class SkipList
{
private:
    Node * header;
    int level;
private:
    int random_level();
public:
    SkipList();
    ~SkipList();
    bool insert(int key);
    bool find(int key);
    bool erase(int key);
    void print();
};

int SkipList::random_level()
{
    int level = 1;

    while ((rand() & 0xffff) < (P * 0xffff) && level < MAX_LEVEL)
        level++;

    return level;
}

SkipList::SkipList()
{
    header = new Node;
    level = 0;
}

SkipList::~SkipList()
{
    Node * cur = header;
    Node * next = nullptr;

    while (cur)
    {
        next = cur->forward[0];
        delete cur;
        cur = next;
    }

    header = nullptr;
}

bool SkipList::insert(int key)
{
    Node * node = header;
    Node * update[MAX_LEVEL];
    memset(update, 0, MAX_LEVEL * sizeof(Node*));

    for (int i = level - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        while (node->forward[i] && node->forward[i]->key < key)
            node = node->forward[i];
        update[i] = node;
    }

    node = node->forward[0];

    if (node == nullptr || node->key != key)
    {
        int new_level = random_level();

        if (new_level > level)
        {
            for (int i = level; i < new_level; i++)
                update[i] = header;

            level = new_level;
        }

        Node * new_node = new Node(key, new_level);

        for (int i = 0; i < new_level; i++)
        {
            new_node->forward[i] = update[i]->forward[i];
            update[i]->forward[i] = new_node;
        }

        return true;
    }

    return false;
}

bool SkipList::find(int key)
{
    Node * node = header;

    for (int i = level - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        while (node->forward[i] && node->forward[i]->key <= key)
            node = node->forward[i];

        if (node->key == key)
            return true;
    }

    return false;
}

bool SkipList::erase(int key)
{
    Node * node = header;
    Node * update[MAX_LEVEL];
    fill(update, update + MAX_LEVEL, nullptr);

    for (int i = level - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        while (node->forward[i] && node->forward[i]->key < key)
            node = node->forward[i];
        update[i] = node;
    }

    node = node->forward[0];

    if (node && node->key == key)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < level; i++)
            if (update[i]->forward[i] == node)
                update[i]->forward[i] = node->forward[i];

        delete node;

        for (int i = level - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            if (header->forward[i] == nullptr)
                level--;
            else
                break;
        }
    }

    return false;
}

void SkipList::print()
{
    Node * node = nullptr;

    for (int i = 0; i < level; i++)
    {
        node = header->forward[i];
        cout << "Level " << i << " : ";
        while (node)
        {
            cout << node->key << " ";
            node = node->forward[i];
        }
        cout << endl;
    }

    cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
    SkipList sl;

    // test "insert"
    sl.insert(3);
    sl.insert(9);
    sl.insert(1); sl.insert(1);
    sl.insert(4);
    sl.insert(2); sl.insert(2);
    sl.insert(5);
    sl.insert(6);
    sl.insert(7);
    sl.insert(8);
    sl.insert(10);
    sl.insert(11);
    sl.insert(12);
    sl.print();

    // test "find"
    cout << sl.find(50) << endl;
    cout << sl.find(2) << endl;
    cout << sl.find(7) << endl << endl;

    // test "erase"
    sl.erase(1);
    sl.print();
    sl.erase(10);
    sl.print();
    sl.erase(11);
    sl.print();

    return 0;
}