有关C++ STL 中的vector向量的用法(代码示例)
一、 简介
Vector是一个称为向量的顺序容器(不明白顺序容器与关联容器的可以Google)。
二、 特点
1. 动态(相当于一个动态数组);
2. 可用于存放各种数据结构(内置的,自定义的,当然也可以是vector)(当是vector时注意申明格式eg:vector<vector<Information>>与vector< vector<Information> >,前者错误,后者正确,两个‘>’要有空格);
3. 支持对vector元素的随即访问;
4. 以拷贝的方式用一个vector初始化另一个vector时,两个vector类型要一致;
5. 每一个vector的容量要比其大小相对较大或相等(eg:vec.capacity()>=vec.size())。
三、 常用函数接口
Vec.begin();//向量中的首个元素的地址,加n后表示第n个元素的地址(eg:vec.begin()+3); Vec.end();//向量中最后一个元素的地址; Vec.rbegin();//指向反序后的向量首元素; Vec.rend();//指向反序后的尾元素; vec.front();//返回vector中的第一元素的值 vec.back();//返回vector中的最后一个元素的值 Vec.insert();//向向量中任意位置插入一个或多个元素; Vec.clear();//向量清空; Vec.push_back();//将元素压入向量的尾部; //Vec.push_front();//vector中无此用法(用了之后会造成元素的迁移,与vector设计的初衷相违背); Vec.erase();//删除向量中任意一个或一段元素; Vec.pop_back();//删除向量中最后一个元素; Vec.size();//返回向量的大小 Vec.capacity();//返回向量容量的大小 Vec.empty();//向量为空返回false,不为空返回true; Vec1.swap(vec2);//交换向量vec1和向量vec2;
四、 代码示例
示例一://vector元素为简单的元素,进行简单地操作
#include<iostream> #include<iomanip> #include<vector> #include<string> using namespace std; template <typename T>//一个函数末班,用向量表示函数 void display(vector<T>&vec) { static int n=1;//设置一个静态变量,用来标记每次输出 cout<<n++<<'.'<<endl; cout<<"the size of the vec is "<<vec.size()<<endl; cout<<"the capacity of the vec is"<<vec.capacity()<<endl; if(!vec.empty()) { cout<<"the contents are:"<<endl; for(int i=0;i<vec.size();i++) { cout<<setw(10)<<vec[i]; } cout<<endl<<endl; } else cout<<"this is a empty vector"<<endl<<endl; } const int size=5; int main() { string str[size]={"love","you","my","c++","language"}; vector<string>vec1; vec1.insert(vec1.begin(),str,str+size);//从vec1.begin()(此时等于vec1.end())处插入所有str当中的字符 display(vec1); cout<<vec1.front()<<endl;//返回第一个元素的值 cout<<vec1.front()+" VB.NET"<<endl; cout<<vec1.back()<<endl;//返回最后一个元素的值 cout<<vec1.back()+" VB.NET"<<endl; cout<<*(vec1.begin()+1)<<endl;//用cout流对象输出vecotor的元素 cout<<*(vec1.rbegin()+1)+" c#"<<endl; cout<<vec1[1]<<endl<<endl;//用下标法输出vecotor元素 vec1.clear();//清空向量vec1 display(vec1); vec1.insert(vec1.begin(),str+2,str+size-1);//可以插入任意个元素(此处为2个) display(vec1); vec1.insert(vec1.begin()+1,3,"java");//从vec1.begin()+1处插入3个“Java”字符串 display(vec1); vec1.insert(vec1.begin()+3,3,str[2]);//从vec1.begin()+3处插入3个str[2]字符串 display(vec1); vector <string>vec2(vec1);//调用拷贝构造函数,以vec1初始化vec2 display(vec2); vec2.clear(); vec2.insert(vec2.end(),vec1.begin(),vec1.end()); display(vec2); vec2.erase(vec2.begin()+3,vec2.begin()+6);//删除vec2.begin()+3到vec2.begin()+6之间的字符串 display(vec2); for(int i=0;i<5;i++) { vec2.pop_back();//删除最后一个字符串 display(vec2); } return 0; }
示例二:vector元素为struct
#include<iostream> #include<string> #include<vector> #include<iomanip> using namespace std; const int n=6; struct Information { string studentName; string studentSex; double studentRank; friend ostream &operator<<(ostream& out,Information &p); friend istream &operator>>(istream& in,vector<Information>&p); }; istream &operator>>(istream& in,vector<Information>&p)//重载输入用算符,不是此blog重点,在主函数中未使用 { for(int i=0;i<n;i++) in>>p[i].studentName>>p[i].studentSex>>p[i].studentRank; return in; } ostream &operator<<(ostream& out,vector<Information>&p)//重载输出用算符,可以看到有与display()函数同样的效果 { for(int i=0;i<n;i++) out<<"name: "<<setw(10)<<p[i].studentName<<" sex: "<<setw(2)<<p[i].studentSex<<" rank: "<<setw(5)<<p[i].studentRank<<endl; return out; } void display(vector<Information>&Student)//显示排名情况 { if(!(Student.empty())) { for(int i=0;i<Student.size();i++) { cout<<"name: "<<setw(10)<<Student[i].studentName<<" sex: "<<setw(5)<<Student[i].studentSex<<" rank: "<<setw(5)<<Student[i].studentRank<<endl; } } else cout<<"this is a empty vector"<<endl; } int main() { string name[n]={"ZhangSan","liSi","WangMaZi","XiaoMing","XiaoHua","XiaoZhang"}; vector<string>Name; vector<string>Sex(n," "); vector<int>Rank(n,0);//初始化一个大小为n,元素都为零的向量 Name.insert(Name.begin(),name,name+n); for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { cout<<"Please input "<<Name[i]<<"'s sex: "; cin>>Sex[i]; cout<<"Please input "<<Name[i]<<"'s rank(0~100): "; cin>>Rank[i];//用流对象cin向向量赋值 } vector<Information>Student1; //cin>>Student; for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { Information temp; temp.studentName=Name[i]; temp.studentSex=Sex[i]; temp.studentRank=Rank[i]; Student1.push_back(temp); } cout<<"the rank of student1 is: "<<endl; display(Student1); cout<<endl<<Student1; vector<Information>Student2(Student1); cout<<endl<<"the rank of student2 set is: "<<endl; display(Student2); vector<Information>Student3(Student2.begin(),Student2.end()-3); cout<<endl<<"the size of student3 is: "<<Student3.size()<<endl; Student3.swap(Student2); cout<<"the size of student2 is: "<<Student2.size()<<endl; cout<<"the size of student3 is: "<<Student3.size()<<endl; Student3.pop_back(); cout<<"Student3's size is: "<<setw(5)<<Student3.size()<<endl; Student3.erase(Student3.begin()); cout<<"Student3's size is: "<<setw(5)<<Student3.size()<<endl; display(Student3); return 0; }
示例三:vector元素为vector
#include<iostream> #include<string> #include<vector> #include<iomanip> #include<windows.h> using namespace std; const int n=6; static int N1=1; static int N2=N1; struct Information { string studentName; string studentSex; double studentRank; friend ostream &operator<<(ostream& out,Information &p); friend istream &operator>>(istream& in,vector<Information>&p); }; ostream &operator<<(ostream& out,vector<Information>&p)//重载输出用算符,可以看到有与display()函数同样的效果 { cout<<'('<<N1++<<')'<<endl; for(int i=0;i<n;i++) out<<"name: "<<setw(10)<<p[i].studentName<<" sex: "<<setw(5)<<p[i].studentSex<<" rank: "<<setw(5)<<p[i].studentRank<<endl; return out; } ostream &operator<<(ostream& out,vector< vector<Information> >&p) { cout<<N2++<<": "<<endl; for(int i=0;i<p.size();i++) { cout<<p[i]; cout<<endl; } return out; } int main() { string name[n]={"ZhangSan","liSi","WangMaZi","XiaoMing","XiaoHua","XiaoZhang"}; string sex[n]={"boy","girl","boy","girl","boy","girl"}; int _rank[n]={1,2,3,4,5,6}; vector<string>Name; vector<string>Sex; vector<int>Rank; Name.insert(Name.begin(),name,name+n); Sex.insert(Sex.begin(),sex,sex+n); Rank.insert(Rank.begin(),_rank,_rank+n); vector<Information>Student; for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { Information temp; temp.studentName=Name[i]; temp.studentSex=Sex[i]; temp.studentRank=Rank[i]; Student.push_back(temp); } cout<<Student<<endl; N1=1; system("pause"); vector< vector<Information> >VEC; for(int i=0;i<n;i++) VEC.push_back(Student); string name1[n]={"ZhangSan1","liSi2","WangMaZi3","XiaoMing4","XiaoHua5","XiaoZhang6"}; string sex1[n]={"boy1","girl2","boy3","girl4","boy5","girl6"}; int _rank1[n]={11,22,33,44,55,66}; vector<string>Name1; vector<string>Sex1; vector<int>Rank1; Name1.insert(Name1.begin(),name1,name1+n); Sex1.insert(Sex1.begin(),sex1,sex1+n); Rank1.insert(Rank1.begin(),_rank1,_rank1+n); vector<Information>Student1; for(int i=0;i<n;i++) { Information temp; temp.studentName=Name1[i]; temp.studentSex=Sex1[i]; temp.studentRank=Rank1[i]; Student1.push_back(temp); } cout<<VEC; N1=1; VEC.insert(VEC.begin()+2,2,Student1); cout<<VEC; N1=1; VEC.erase(VEC.begin()+3); cout<<VEC; N1=1; VEC.pop_back(); cout<<VEC; //....... return 0; }
更多数据结构不再列举 本文参考了部分网络上的代码示例,加入了笔者自己的一些代码,如有不妥之处,肯请读者指正。