【编程珠玑】读书笔记 第十二章 取样问题

2013-07-16 21:51:49

本章介绍生成小于[0,n-1]区间内的m个顺序随机数的三种方法。

总结参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/dandingyy/archive/2012/09/09/2677511.html

1.问题

　　抽象后的问题如下：输入两个整数m和n,(m < n).输出0～n-1范围内的m个随机整数的有序列表，不允许重复。

　　也就是说，要对0~n-1范围内的数字进行选择，每个数字被选中的概率相等.

　　有两点要注意：不允许重复，结果有序；
2.解决方案

　　2.1已有知识

　　利用库函数<stdlib.h>中的rand()函数可以产生0到RAND_MAX范围内的随机整数。

　　 RAND_MAX是在前面头文件中定义的宏，具体大小与实现有关，至少为32767(2^15-1).

　　两个相关函数：

　　产生很大随机整数bigrand()：RAND_MAX *rand() + rand();实际上就是先产生前15位，再产生后15位，也即rand()<<15 | rand();

　　产生指定范围随机整数 randint(l,u): rand()%(u-l+1)+l; 产生的数据在[l,u]之间.

　　(后面对时间复杂度的讨论，都默认rand()需要单位时间）

3.时间效率

RandomGenerateKnuth时间效率：该程序的时间复杂度是与n有关的：O(n),空间上只需要几十个字节。

RandomGenerateUseSet时间效率：set每次插入时间为O(logm),while循环总共进行了m次插入，遍历集合需要O(m).故总时间为O(mlogm).额外的空间需求为set集的大小：O(m).

RandomGenerateUseQsort时间效率：时间上为O(n+mlogm), 一次初始化和排序。空间上也需要O(n).

完整实现代码：

#include <iostream>
#include <cassert>
#include <set>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;

const int MaxLength = 10000000;

//输入合法性检查
void CheckInvalid(int array[],int len)
{
    assert(NULL != array && len > 0); 
}

//产生大的随机数
int BigRandomGenarate()
{
    return ( RAND_MAX * rand() + rand() ); //对C语言，rand()函数需包含头文件#include<stdlib.h>，但在C++中包含iostream即可
}

//产生在[lowBound,upperBound - 1]区间的随机数
int RandomIntGenerate(int lowBound, int upperBound)
{    
    return (lowBound + (RAND_MAX * rand() + rand()) % (upperBound - lowBound + 1) );
}

//qsort对int型数据排序所需的笔记函数
int IntCompare(const void *_p,const void *_q)
{    
    int *p = (int *) _p;
    int *q= (int *) _q;
    return (*p - *q);
}

//用Knuth的方法产生随机数，用概率判断数据是否被选择
void RandomGenerateKnuth(int randomArray[],const int lengthOfRandom,const int maxRandomNumber)
{
    int i;
    int selectedNum = lengthOfRandom;

    srand( time(NULL) );    //产生rand()函数的种子

    for (i = 0;i < maxRandomNumber;++i)
    {
        if (BigRandomGenarate() % (maxRandomNumber - i) < selectedNum)
        {
            randomArray[lengthOfRandom - selectedNum] = i;
            --selectedNum;
        }
    }
}

//产生[0,n-1]区间内的随机数，将不重复的问题利用set容器的唯一性解决
void RandomGenerateUseSet(int randomArray[],const int lengthOfRandom,const int maxRandomNumber)
{
    set <int> randomSet;
    int i;

    srand( time(NULL) );    //产生rand()函数的种子

    while (randomSet.size() < lengthOfRandom)
    {
        randomSet.insert(BigRandomGenarate() % maxRandomNumber);
    }

    set <int> :: iterator iterSet;
    i = 0;
    for (iterSet = randomSet.begin();iterSet != randomSet.end();++iterSet)
    {
        randomArray[i++] = *iterSet;
    }
}

//通过交换保证不重复，但进行排序来保证是顺序的
void RandomGenerateUseQsort(int randomArray[],const int lengthOfRandom,const int maxRandomNumber)
{
    int i;
    int *sequenceArray = new int[maxRandomNumber];
    int randomTmp;
    int tmp;

    srand( time(NULL) );    //产生rand()函数的种子

    for (i = 0;i < maxRandomNumber;++i)
    {
        sequenceArray[i] = i;
    }

    for (i = 0;i < lengthOfRandom;++i)
    {
        randomTmp = RandomIntGenerate(i,maxRandomNumber);
        tmp = sequenceArray[i];
        sequenceArray[i] =  sequenceArray[randomTmp];
        sequenceArray[randomTmp] = tmp;
    }

    for (i = 0;i < lengthOfRandom;++i)
    {
        randomArray[i] = sequenceArray[i];
    }

    qsort(randomArray,lengthOfRandom,sizeof(int),IntCompare);
    delete [] sequenceArray;  
}

//显示数组
void DisplayArray(int array[],int len)
{
    CheckInvalid(array,len);

    for (int i = 0;i < len;++i)
    {
        cout<<array[i]<<"	";
    }
    cout<<endl;
}

//测试“脚手架”
void TestDriver()
{    
    int *randomArray = new int[MaxLength];
    int lengthOfRandom;
    int maxRandomNumber;

    int programToTest;
    int i;
    int timeStart = 0;
    double timeCostAverage = 0;
    
    //测试程序编号
    cout<<"the identifier of the program is :"<<endl;
    cout<<"RandomGenerateKnuth : 1"<<endl;
    cout<<"RandomGenerateUseSet : 2"<<endl;
    cout<<"RandomGenerateUseQsort : 3"<<endl;
    cout<<endl;

    //输入测试参数
    cout<<"please enter the lengthOfRandom and the maxRandomNumber ,end with ctrl+z :"<<endl;
    cin>>lengthOfRandom>>maxRandomNumber;

    //输入要测试程序的编号
    cout<<"please enter the identifier of the program to test (end with ctrl+z): "<<endl;
    while (cin>>programToTest)
    {
        timeStart = clock();
        switch (programToTest)
        {
            case 1: 
                cout<<"Test RandomGenerateKnuth..."<<endl;
                RandomGenerateKnuth(randomArray,lengthOfRandom,maxRandomNumber);
                break;

            case 2: 
                cout<<"Test RandomGenerateUseSet..."<<endl;
                RandomGenerateUseSet(randomArray,lengthOfRandom,maxRandomNumber);
                break;
                
            case 3: 
                cout<<"Test RandomGenerateUseQsort..."<<endl;
                RandomGenerateUseQsort(randomArray,lengthOfRandom,maxRandomNumber);
                break;

            default:
                break;
        }

        timeCostAverage = 1e6 * ( clock() - timeStart ) / ( CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
        cout<<"the time cost to genarate "<<lengthOfRandom<<" random numbers is : "<<timeCostAverage<<" ms"<<endl;

        //检查是否是有序的
        for (i = 0;i < lengthOfRandom - 1;++i)
        {
            if (randomArray[i] > randomArray[i + 1])
            {
                cout<<"sort bug i = "<<i<<endl;
            }
        }

        /*cout<<"the sorted random array is :"<<endl;
        DisplayArray(randomArray,lengthOfRandom);*/

        cout<<endl;
        cout<<"please enter the identifier of the program to test (end with ctrl+z): "<<endl;
    }

    delete [] randomArray;  //释放空间
}

//主函数
int main(void)
{
    TestDriver();
    return 0;
}

测试结果:

the identifier of the program is :
RandomGenerateKnuth : 1
RandomGenerateUseSet : 2
RandomGenerateUseQsort : 3

please enter the lengthOfRandom and the maxRandomNumber ,end with ctrl+z :
1000000 10000000
please enter the identifier of the program to test (end with ctrl+z):
1
Test RandomGenerateKnuth...
the time cost to genarate 1000000 random numbers is : 2.764e+006 ms

please enter the identifier of the program to test (end with ctrl+z):
2
Test RandomGenerateUseSet...
the time cost to genarate 1000000 random numbers is : 2.5582e+007 ms

please enter the identifier of the program to test (end with ctrl+z):
3
Test RandomGenerateUseQsort...
the time cost to genarate 1000000 random numbers is : 3.255e+006 ms

please enter the identifier of the program to test (end with ctrl+z):
^Z
请按任意键继续. . .