如今的高级语言如java,c#等,都採用了垃圾收集机制,而不再是c,c++里用户自己管理维护内存的方式。自己管理内存极其自由。能够随意申请内存,但如同一把双刃剑,为大量内存泄露。悬空指针等bug埋下隐患。
1 |
typedef struct_object
{ |
2 |
int ob_refcnt; |
3 |
struct_typeobject
*ob_type; |
4 |
}PyObject; |
1 |
#define
Py_INCREF(op) ((op)->ob_refcnt++) //添加计数 |
2 |
#define
Py_DECREF(op) //降低计数 |
3 |
if (--(op)->ob_refcnt
!= 0) |
4 |
;
|
5 |
else
|
6 |
__Py_Dealloc((PyObject
*)(op)) |
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list1 = [] |
2 |
list2 = [] |
3 |
list1.append(list2) |
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list2.append(list1) |
上面说到python里回收机制是以引用计数为主。标记-清除和分代收集两种机制为辅。
1、标记-清除机制
标记-清除机制,顾名思义。首先标记对象(垃圾检測),然后清除垃圾(垃圾回收)。
如图1:
图1
首先初始全部对象标记为白色,并确定根节点对象(这些对象是不会被删除),标记它们为黑色(表示对象有效)。
将有效对象引用的对象标记为灰色(表示对象可达。
但它们所引用的对象还没检查)。检查完灰色对象引用的对象后,将灰色标记为黑色。反复直到不存在灰色节点为止。最后白色结点都是须要清除的对象。
2、回收对象的组织
这里所採用的高级机制作为引用计数的辅助机制,用于解决产生的循环引用问题。而循环引用仅仅会出如今“内部存在能够对其它对象引用的对象”,比方:list,class等。
为了要将这些回收对象组织起来,须要建立一个链表。自然。每一个被收集的对象内就须要多提供一些信息,以下代码是回收对象里必定出现的。
一个对象的实际结构如图2:
图2
通过PyGC_Head的指针将每一个回收对象连接起来。形成了一个链表。也就是在1里提到的初始化的全部对象。
3、分代技术
分代技术是一种典型的以空间换时间的技术,这也正是java里的关键技术。这样的思想简单点说就是:对象存在时间越长,越可能不是垃圾。应该越少去收集。
这种思想,能够降低标记-清除机制所带来的额外操作。分代就是将回收对象分成数个代,每一个代就是一个链表(集合),代进行标记-清除的时间与代内对象
存活时间成正比例关系。
从上面代码能够看出python里一共同拥有三代。每一个代的threshold值表示该代最多容纳对象的个数。默认情况下,当0代超过700,或1,2代超过10。垃圾回收机制将触发。
0代触发将清理全部三代。1代触发会清理1,2代,2代触发后仅仅会清理自己。
以下是一个完整的收集流程:链表建立。确定根节点,垃圾标记,垃圾回收~
1、链表建立
首先,中里在分代技术说过:0代触发将清理全部三代,1代触发会清理1,2代,2代触发后仅仅会清理自己。在清理0代时,会将三个链表(代)链接起来,清理1代的时,会链接1,2两代。
在后面三步。都是针对的这个建立之后的链表。
2、确定根节点
图1为一个样例。
list1与list2循环引用。list3与list4循环引用。
a是一个外部引用。
图1
对于这样一个链表,我们怎样得出根节点呢。
python里是在引用计数的基础上又提出一个有效引用计数的概念。
顾名思义,有效引用计数就是去除循环引用后的计数。
以下是计算有效引用计数的相关代码:
01 |
/*
Set all gc_refs = ob_refcnt. After this, gc_refs is > 0 for all objects |
02 |
*
in containers, and is GC_REACHABLE for all tracked gc objects not in |
03 |
*
containers. |
04 |
*/ |
05 |
static void |
06 |
update_refs(PyGC_Head
*containers) |
07 |
{ |
08 |
PyGC_Head
*gc = containers->gc.gc_next; |
09 |
for (;
gc != containers; gc = gc->gc.gc_next) { |
10 |
assert (gc->gc.gc_refs
== GC_REACHABLE); |
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gc->gc.gc_refs
= Py_REFCNT(FROM_GC(gc)); |
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assert (gc->gc.gc_refs
!= 0); |
13 |
} |
14 |
} |
15 |
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/*
A traversal callback for subtract_refs. */ |
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static int |
18 |
visit_decref(PyObject
*op, void *data) |
19 |
{ |
20 |
assert (op
!= NULL); |
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if (PyObject_IS_GC(op))
{ |
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PyGC_Head
*gc = AS_GC(op); |
23 |
/*
We're only interested in gc_refs for objects in the |
24 |
*
generation being collected, which can be recognized |
25 |
*
because only they have positive gc_refs. |
26 |
*/ |
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assert (gc->gc.gc_refs
!= 0); /*
else refcount was too small */ |
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if (gc->gc.gc_refs
> 0) |
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gc->gc.gc_refs--; |
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} |
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return 0; |
32 |
} |
33 |
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/*
Subtract internal references from gc_refs. After this, gc_refs is >= 0 |
35 |
*
for all objects in containers, and is GC_REACHABLE for all tracked gc |
36 |
*
objects not in containers. The ones with gc_refs > 0 are directly |
37 |
*
reachable from outside containers, and so can't be collected. |
38 |
*/ |
39 |
static void |
40 |
subtract_refs(PyGC_Head
*containers) |
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{ |
42 |
traverseproc
traverse; |
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PyGC_Head
*gc = containers->gc.gc_next; |
44 |
for (;
gc != containers; gc=gc->gc.gc_next) { |
45 |
traverse
= Py_TYPE(FROM_GC(gc))->tp_traverse; |
46 |
( void )
traverse(FROM_GC(gc), |
47 |
(visitproc)visit_decref, |
48 |
NULL); |
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} |
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} |
update_refs函数里建立了一个引用的副本。
visit_decref函数对引用的副本减1,subtract_refs函数里traverse的作用是遍历对象里的每个引用,运行visit_decref操作。
最后,链表内引用计数副本非0的对象,就是根节点了。
说明:
1、为什么要建立引用副本?
答:这个过程是寻找根节点的过程,在这个时候改动计数不合适。subtract_refs会对对象的引用对象运行visit_decref操作。
假设链表内对象引用了链表外对象,那么链表外对象计数会减1,显然。非常有可能这个对象会被回收,而回收机制里根本不应该对非回收对象处理。
2、traverse的疑问(未解决)?
答:一開始。有个疑问。上面样例里,subtract_refs函数中处理完list1结果应该例如以下:
然后gc指向list2。此时list2的副本(为0)不会降低,可是list2对list1还是存在实际上的引用,那么list1副本会减1吗?显然,假设减1就出问题了。
所以list1为0时,traverse根本不会再去处理list1这些引用(或者说,list2对list1名义上不存在引用了)。
此时,又有一个问题,假设存在一个外部对象b,对list2引用。subtract_refs函数中处理完list1后,例如以下图:
当subtract_refs函数中遍历到list2时。list2的副本还会减1吗?显然traverse的作用还是没有理解。
3、垃圾标记
接下来,python建立两条链表,一条存放根节点,以及根节点的引用对象。另外一条存放unreachable对象。
标记的方法就是中里的标记思路,代码例如以下:
001 |
/*
A traversal callback for move_unreachable. */ |
002 |
static int |
003 |
visit_reachable(PyObject
*op, PyGC_Head *reachable) |
004 |
{ |
005 |
if (PyObject_IS_GC(op))
{ |
006 |
PyGC_Head
*gc = AS_GC(op); |
007 |
const Py_ssize_t
gc_refs = gc->gc.gc_refs; |
008 |
009 |
if (gc_refs
== 0) { |
010 |
/*
This is in move_unreachable's 'young' list, but |
011 |
*
the traversal hasn't yet gotten to it. All |
012 |
*
we need to do is tell move_unreachable that it's |
013 |
*
reachable. |
014 |
*/ |
015 |
gc->gc.gc_refs
= 1; |
016 |
} |
017 |
else if (gc_refs
== GC_TENTATIVELY_UNREACHABLE) { |
018 |
/*
This had gc_refs = 0 when move_unreachable got |
019 |
*
to it, but turns out it's reachable after all. |
020 |
*
Move it back to move_unreachable's 'young' list, |
021 |
*
and move_unreachable will eventually get to it |
022 |
*
again. |
023 |
*/ |
024 |
gc_list_move(gc,
reachable); |
025 |
gc->gc.gc_refs
= 1; |
026 |
} |
027 |
/*
Else there's nothing to do. |
028 |
*
If gc_refs > 0, it must be in move_unreachable's 'young' |
029 |
*
list, and move_unreachable will eventually get to it. |
030 |
*
If gc_refs == GC_REACHABLE, it's either in some other |
031 |
*
generation so we don't care about it, or move_unreachable |
032 |
*
already dealt with it. |
033 |
*
If gc_refs == GC_UNTRACKED, it must be ignored. |
034 |
*/ |
035 |
else { |
036 |
assert (gc_refs
> 0 |
037 |
||
gc_refs == GC_REACHABLE |
038 |
||
gc_refs == GC_UNTRACKED); |
039 |
} |
040 |
} |
041 |
return 0; |
042 |
} |
043 |
044 |
/*
Move the unreachable objects from young to unreachable. After this, |
045 |
*
all objects in young have gc_refs = GC_REACHABLE, and all objects in |
046 |
*
unreachable have gc_refs = GC_TENTATIVELY_UNREACHABLE. All tracked |
047 |
*
gc objects not in young or unreachable still have gc_refs = GC_REACHABLE. |
048 |
*
All objects in young after this are directly or indirectly reachable |
049 |
*
from outside the original young; and all objects in unreachable are |
050 |
*
not. |
051 |
*/ |
052 |
static void |
053 |
move_unreachable(PyGC_Head
*young, PyGC_Head *unreachable) |
054 |
{ |
055 |
PyGC_Head
*gc = young->gc.gc_next; |
056 |
057 |
/*
Invariants: all objects "to the left" of us in young have gc_refs |
058 |
*
= GC_REACHABLE, and are indeed reachable (directly or indirectly) |
059 |
*
from outside the young list as it was at entry. All other objects |
060 |
*
from the original young "to the left" of us are in unreachable now, |
061 |
*
and have gc_refs = GC_TENTATIVELY_UNREACHABLE. All objects to the |
062 |
*
left of us in 'young' now have been scanned, and no objects here |
063 |
*
or to the right have been scanned yet. |
064 |
*/ |
065 |
066 |
while (gc
!= young) { |
067 |
PyGC_Head
*next; |
068 |
069 |
if (gc->gc.gc_refs)
{ |
070 |
/*
gc is definitely reachable from outside the |
071 |
*
original 'young'. Mark it as such, and traverse |
072 |
*
its pointers to find any other objects that may |
073 |
*
be directly reachable from it. Note that the |
074 |
*
call to tp_traverse may append objects to young, |
075 |
*
so we have to wait until it returns to determine |
076 |
*
the next object to visit. |
077 |
*/ |
078 |
PyObject
*op = FROM_GC(gc); |
079 |
traverseproc
traverse = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_traverse; |
080 |
assert (gc->gc.gc_refs
> 0); |
081 |
gc->gc.gc_refs
= GC_REACHABLE; |
082 |
( void )
traverse(op, |
083 |
(visitproc)visit_reachable, |
084 |
( void *)young); |
085 |
next
= gc->gc.gc_next; |
086 |
} |
087 |
else { |
088 |
/*
This *may* be unreachable. To make progress, |
089 |
*
assume it is. gc isn't directly reachable from |
090 |
*
any object we've already traversed, but may be |
091 |
*
reachable from an object we haven't gotten to yet. |
092 |
*
visit_reachable will eventually move gc back into |
093 |
*
young if that's so, and we'll see it again. |
094 |
*/ |
095 |
next
= gc->gc.gc_next; |
096 |
gc_list_move(gc,
unreachable); |
097 |
gc->gc.gc_refs
= GC_TENTATIVELY_UNREACHABLE; |
098 |
} |
099 |
gc
= next; |
100 |
} |
101 |
} |
标记之后。链表如上图。
4、垃圾回收
回收的过程,就是销毁不可达链表内对象。以下代码就是list的清除方法:
01 |
/*
Methods */ |
02 |
03 |
static void |
04 |
list_dealloc(PyListObject
*op) |
05 |
{ |
06 |
Py_ssize_t
i; |
07 |
PyObject_GC_UnTrack(op); |
08 |
Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_BEGIN(op) |
09 |
if (op->ob_item
!= NULL) { |
10 |
/*
Do it backwards, for Christian Tismer. |
11 |
There's
a simple test case where somehow this reduces |
12 |
thrashing
when a *very* large list is created and |
13 |
immediately
deleted. */ |
14 |
i
= Py_SIZE(op); |
15 |
while (--i
>= 0) { |
16 |
Py_XDECREF(op->ob_item[i]); |
17 |
} |
18 |
PyMem_FREE(op->ob_item); |
19 |
} |
20 |
if (numfree
< PyList_MAXFREELIST && PyList_CheckExact(op)) |
21 |
free_list[numfree++]
= op; |
22 |
else |
23 |
Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free((PyObject
*)op); |
24 |
Py_TRASHCAN_SAFE_END(op) |
25 |
} |