转载请标明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/lmj623565791/article/details/25080573
js中处处是对象,面向对象的第一步当然就是封装了。由于Js中没有类的概念,所以封装起来也比較麻烦。以下介绍两种js的封装。
1、使用约定优先的原则,将全部的私有变量以_开头
<script type="text/javascript"> /** * 使用约定优先的原则。把全部的私有变量都使用_开头 */ var Person = function (no, name, age) { this.setNo(no); this.setName(name); this.setAge(age); } Person.prototype = { constructor: Person, checkNo: function (no) { if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4) throw new Error("学号必须为4位"); }, setNo: function (no) { this.checkNo(no); this._no = no; }, getNo: function () { return this._no; }, setName: function (name) { this._name = name; }, getName: function () { return this._name; }, setAge: function (age) { this._age = age; }, getAge: function () { return this._age; }, toString: function () { return "no = " + this._no + " , name = " + this._name + " , age = " + this._age; } }; var p1 = new Person("0001", "鸿洋", "22"); console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0001 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22 p1.setNo("0003"); console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0003 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22 p1.no = "0004"; p1._no = "0004"; console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0004 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22 </script>
看完代码。是不是有种被坑的感觉。只把全部的变量以_开头,事实上还是能够直接訪问的,这能叫封装么。当然了。说了是约定优先嘛,这样的方式还是不错的。最起码成员变量的getter。setter方法都是prototype中,并不是存在对象中。整体来说还是个不错的选择。假设你认为。这不行,必须严格实现封装。那么看另外一种方式。
2、严格实现封装
<script type="text/javascript"> /** * 使用这样的方式尽管能够严格实现封装,可是带来的问题是get和set方法都不能存储在prototype中,都是存储在对象中的 * 这样无形中就添加了开销 */ var Person = function (no, name, age) { var _no , _name, _age ; var checkNo = function (no) { if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4) throw new Error("学号必须为4位"); }; this.setNo = function (no) { checkNo(no); _no = no; }; this.getNo = function () { return _no; } this.setName = function (name) { _name = name; } this.getName = function () { return _name; } this.setAge = function (age) { _age = age; } this. getAge = function () { return _age; } this.setNo(no); this.setName(name); this.setAge(age); } Person.prototype = { constructor: Person, toString: function () { return "no = " + this.getNo() + " , name = " + this.getName() + " , age = " + this.getAge(); } } ; var p1 = new Person("0001", "鸿洋", "22"); console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0001 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22 p1.setNo("0003"); console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0003 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22 p1.no = "0004"; console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0003 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22 </script>
看上面的代码。去掉了this.属性名,严格的实现了封装,只能通过getter,setter訪问成员变量了。可是存在一个问题,全部的方法都存在对象中,添加了内存的开销。
3、以闭包的方式封装
<script type="text/javascript"> /** * 使用这样的方式尽管能够严格实现封装,可是带来的问题是get和set方法都不能存储在prototype中。都是存储在对象中的 * 这样无形中就添加了开销 */ var Person = (function () { var checkNo = function (no) { if (!no.constructor == "string" || no.length != 4) throw new Error("学号必须为4位"); }; //共享变量 var times = 0; return function (no, name, age) { console.log(times++); // 0 ,1 , 2 var no , name , age; this.setNo = function (no) { checkNo(no); this._no = no; }; this.getNo = function () { return this._no; } this.setName = function (name) { this._name = name; } this.getName = function () { return this._name; } this.setAge = function (age) { this._age = age; } this. getAge = function () { return this._age; } this.setNo(no); this.setName(name); this.setAge(age); } })(); Person.prototype = { constructor: Person, toString: function () { return "no = " + this._no + " , name = " + this._name + " , age = " + this._age; } } ; var p1 = new Person("0001", "鸿洋", "22"); var p2 = new Person("0002", "abc", "23"); var p3 = new Person("0003", "aobama", "24"); console.log(p1.toString()); //no = 0001 , name = 鸿洋 , age = 22 console.log(p2.toString()); //no = 0002 , name = abc , age = 23 console.log(p3.toString()); //no = 0003 , name = aobama , age = 24 </script>
上述代码。js引擎载入完后,会直接运行Student = 马上运行函数,然后此函数返回了一个子函数,这个子函数才是new Student所调用的构造函数,又由于子函数中保持了对马上运行函数中checkNo(no) ,times的引用,(非常明显的闭包)所以对于checkNo和times,是全部Student对象所共同拥有的,创建3个对象后,times分别为0,1。2 。
这样的方式的优点是,能够使Student中须要复用的方法和属性做到私有且对象间共享。