python——Scrapy框架简介、内置选择器、管道文件、爬虫模块中的spider类

爬虫的自我修养_4

一、Scrapy 框架简介

Scrapy是用纯Python实现一个为了爬取网站数据、提取结构性数据而编写的应用框架，用途非常广泛。
框架的力量，用户只需要定制开发几个模块就可以轻松的实现一个爬虫，用来抓取网页内容以及各种图片，非常之方便。
Scrapy 使用了 Twisted['twɪstɪd](其主要对手是Tornado)异步网络框架来处理网络通讯，可以加快我们的下载速度，不用自己去实现异步框架，并且包含了各种中间件接口，可以灵活的完成各种需求。

Scrapy架构图(绿线是数据流向)：

Scrapy Engine(引擎): 负责Spider、ItemPipeline、Downloader、Scheduler中间的通讯，信号、数据传递等。
Scheduler(调度器): 它负责接受引擎发送过来的Request请求，并按照一定的方式进行整理排列，入队，当引擎需要时，交还给引擎。
Downloader（下载器）：负责下载Scrapy Engine(引擎)发送的所有Requests请求，并将其获取到的Responses交还给Scrapy Engine(引擎)，由引擎交给Spider来处理，
Spider（爬虫）：它负责处理所有Responses,从中分析提取数据，获取Item字段需要的数据，并将需要跟进的URL提交给引擎，再次进入Scheduler(调度器)，
Item Pipeline(管道)：它负责处理Spider中获取到的Item，并进行进行后期处理（详细分析、过滤、存储等）的地方.
Downloader Middlewares（下载中间件）：你可以当作是一个可以自定义扩展下载功能的组件。
Spider Middlewares（Spider中间件）：你可以理解为是一个可以自定扩展和操作引擎和Spider中间通信的功能组件（比如进入Spider的Responses;和从Spider出去的Requests）

一切的开始是从我们写的爬虫（Spider）开始的，我们向引擎（Scrapu Engine）发送请求，引擎将发送来的Request请求交给调度器，调度器将他们入队，当引擎需要的时候，将他们按先进先出的方式出队，然后引擎把他们交给下载器（Downloader），下载器下载完毕后把Response交给引擎，引擎又交给我们写的爬虫程序，我们通过处理Response将里面要继续爬取的URL交给引擎（重复上面的步骤），需要保存的发送给管道（Item Pipeline）处理

制作 Scrapy 爬虫一共需要4步：

新建项目 (scrapy startproject xxx)：新建一个新的爬虫项目（新建项目方法：scrapy crawl + 爬虫项目名）
明确目标（编写items.py）：明确你想要抓取的目标
制作爬虫（spiders/xxspider.py）：制作爬虫开始爬取网页
存储内容（pipelines.py）：设计管道存储爬取内容

pycharm启动工程的start.py文件

from scrapy import cmdline
cmdline.execute("scrapy crawl 起的爬虫名".split())

二、Scrapy Selectors选择器

crapy Selectors 内置 XPath 和 CSS Selector 表达式机制

Selector有四个基本的方法，最常用的还是xpath:

xpath(): 传入xpath表达式，返回该表达式所对应的所有节点的selector list列表
extract(): 序列化该节点为Unicode字符串并返回list
css(): 传入CSS表达式，返回该表达式所对应的所有节点的selector list列表，语法同 BeautifulSoup4
re(): 根据传入的正则表达式对数据进行提取，返回Unicode字符串list列表

XPath表达式的例子及对应的含义:

/html/head/title: 选择<HTML>文档中 <head> 标签内的 <title> 元素
/html/head/title/text(): 选择上面提到的 <title> 元素的文字
//td: 选择所有的 <td> 元素
//div[@class="mine"]: 选择所有具有 class="mine" 属性的 div 元素

其他的看前两篇博客吧

三、Item Pipeline

当Item在Spider中被收集之后，它将会被传递到Item Pipeline，这些Item Pipeline组件按定义的顺序处理Item。

每个Item Pipeline都是实现了简单方法的Python类，比如决定此Item是丢弃而存储。以下是item pipeline的一些典型应用：

验证爬取的数据(检查item包含某些字段，比如说name字段)
查重(并丢弃)
将爬取结果保存到文件或者数据库中

编写item pipeline

编写item pipeline很简单，item pipiline组件是一个独立的Python类，其中process_item()方法必须实现:

class XingePipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):    
        # 可选实现，做参数初始化等
        # 初始函数和结束函数只执行一遍，中间的proces_item函数，来数据就执行一遍，所以不用写ab
		self.file = open('teacher.json', 'wb')	 # 打开文件

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # item (Item 对象) – 被爬取的item
        # spider (Spider 对象) – 爬取该item的spider
        # 这个方法必须实现，每个item pipeline组件都需要调用该方法，
        # 这个方法必须返回一个 Item 对象，被丢弃的item将不会被之后的pipeline组件所处理。
        content = json.dumps(dict(item), ensure_ascii=False) + "
"
        self.file.write(content)
        return item

    def open_spider(self, spider):
        # spider (Spider 对象) – 被开启的spider
        # 可选实现，当spider被开启时，这个方法被调用。

    def close_spider(self, spider):
        # spider (Spider 对象) – 被关闭的spider
        # 可选实现，当spider被关闭时，这个方法被调用
		self.file.close()

要启用pipeline，必须要在settings文件中把注释去掉

# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    "mySpider.pipelines.ItcastJsonPipeline":300
}

四、Spider类

Spider类定义了如何爬取某个(或某些)网站。包括了爬取的动作(例如:是否跟进链接)以及如何从网页的内容中提取结构化数据(爬取item)。换句话说，Spider就是您定义爬取的动作及分析某个网页(或者是有些网页)的地方。

class scrapy.Spider是最基本的类，所有编写的爬虫必须继承这个类。

主要用到的函数及调用顺序为：

__init__() : 初始化爬虫名字和start_urls列表

start_requests() 调用make_requests_from url():生成Requests对象交给Scrapy下载并返回response

parse() : 解析response，并返回Item或Requests（需指定回调函数）。Item传给Item pipline持久化，而Requests交由Scrapy下载，并由指定的回调函数处理（默认parse())，一直进行循环，直到处理完所有的数据为止。

主要属性和方法

name

定义spider名字的字符串。

例如，如果spider爬取 mywebsite.com ，该spider通常会被命名为 mywebsite
allowed_domains

包含了spider允许爬取的域名(domain)的列表，可选。
start_urls

初始URL元祖/列表。当没有制定特定的URL时，spider将从该列表中开始进行爬取。
start_requests(self)

该方法必须返回一个可迭代对象(iterable)。该对象包含了spider用于爬取（默认实现是使用 start_urls 的url）的第一个Request。

当spider启动爬取并且未指定start_urls时，该方法被调用。
parse(self, response)

当请求url返回网页没有指定回调函数时，默认的Request对象回调函数。用来处理网页返回的response，以及生成Item或者Request对象。
log(self, message[, level, component])

使用 scrapy.log.msg() 方法记录(log)message。更多数据请参见 logging

parse方法的工作规则

1. 因为使用的yield，而不是return。parse函数将会被当做一个生成器使用。scrapy会逐一获取parse方法中生成的结果，并判断该结果是一个什么样的类型；
2. 如果是request则加入爬取队列，如果是item类型则使用pipeline处理，其他类型则返回错误信息。
3. scrapy取到第一部分的request不会立马就去发送这个request，只是把这个request放到队列里，然后接着从生成器里获取；
4. 取尽第一部分的request，然后再获取第二部分的item，取到item了，就会放到对应的pipeline里处理；
5. parse()方法作为回调函数(callback)赋值给了Request，指定parse()方法来处理这些请求 scrapy.Request(url, callback=self.parse)
6. Request对象经过调度，执行生成 scrapy.http.response()的响应对象，并送回给parse()方法，直到调度器中没有Request（递归的思路）
7. 取尽之后，parse()工作结束，引擎再根据队列和pipelines中的内容去执行相应的操作；
8. 程序在取得各个页面的items前，会先处理完之前所有的request队列里的请求，然后再提取items。
7. 这一切的一切，Scrapy引擎和调度器将负责到底。

小Tips

为什么要用yield？

yield的主要作用是将函数 ==> 生成器

通过yield可以给item返回数据 也可以发送下一个的request请求。
如果用return的话，会结束函数。

如果需要返回包含成百上千个元素的list，想必会占用很多计算机资源以及时间。如果用yield
就可以缓和这种情况了。

settings文件

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for douyuScripy project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

BOT_NAME = 'douyuScripy'	# 工程名

SPIDER_MODULES = ['douyuScripy.spiders']	# 爬虫文件路径
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'douyuScripy.spiders'


# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'douyuScripy (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True	# 是否符合爬虫规则，我们自己写爬虫当然是不遵守了呀，注释掉就好了

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32	# 启动的协程数量，默认是16个

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2		# 每次请求的等待时间
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16	# 将单个域执行的并发请求的最大数量，默认是8
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16	# 将对单个IP执行的并发请求的最大数量，默认是0，如果非零，并发限制将应用于每个IP，而不是每个域。

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False	# 是否保存cookie，默认是True

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False		# 指定是否启用telnet控制台（和Windows没关系），默认是True

# Override the default request headers:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {		# 请求头文件
    "User-Agent" : "DYZB/1 CFNetwork/808.2.16 Darwin/16.3.0"
  # 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
  # 'Accept-Language': 'en',
}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'douyuScripy.middlewares.DouyuscripySpiderMiddleware': 543,	# 爬虫中间件，后面的值越小，优先级越高
#}

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {		
#    'douyuScripy.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,	# 下载中间件
#}

# Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}

# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'douyuScripy.pipelines.DouyuscripyPipeline': 300,	# 使用哪个管道，多个的话，先走后面值小的
}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

示例一、爬取itcast的教师姓名+信息

爬虫模块

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from douyu.items import DouyuItem
import json


class DouyumeinvSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "douyumeinv"
    allowed_domains = ["capi.douyucdn.cn"]

    offset = 0
    url = "http://capi.douyucdn.cn/api/v1/getVerticalRoom?limit=20&offset="

    start_urls = [url + str(offset)]

    def parse(self, response):
        # scrapy获取html页面用的是response.body ==> 字节类型(bytes) response.text ==> 字符串类型(unicode)
        # 把json格式的数据转换为python格式，data段是列表
        data = json.loads(response.text)["data"]
        for each in data:
            item = DouyuItem()
            item["nickname"] = each["nickname"]
            item["imagelink"] = each["vertical_src"]

            yield item
        if self.offset < 40:
            self.offset += 20
            yield scrapy.Request(self.url + str(self.offset), callback = self.parse)

管道模块

import json

class ItcastPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.filename = open('teacher.json','wb')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        text = json.dumps(dict(item),ensure_ascii=False)+'
'
        self.filename.write(text.encode('utf-8'))
        return item

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        self.filename.close()

1 import scrapy
2 
3 class ItcastItem(scrapy.Item):
4     # define the fields for your item here like:
5     name = scrapy.Field()
6     title = scrapy.Field()
7     info = scrapy.Field()

items模块

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 
 3 # Scrapy settings for myScripy project
 4 #
 5 # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
 6 # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
 7 #
 8 #     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
 9 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
10 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
11 
12 BOT_NAME = 'myScripy'
13 
14 SPIDER_MODULES = ['myScripy.spiders']
15 NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'myScripy.spiders'
16 
17 
18 # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
19 #USER_AGENT = 'myScripy (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'
20 
21 # Obey robots.txt rules
22 ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True
23 
24 # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
25 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
26 
27 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
28 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
29 # See also autothrottle settings and docs
30 #DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
31 # The download delay setting will honor only one of:
32 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
33 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
34 
35 # Disable cookies (enabled by default)
36 #COOKIES_ENABLED = False
37 
38 # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
39 #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
40 
41 # Override the default request headers:
42 #DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
43 #   'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
44 #   'Accept-Language': 'en',
45 #}
46 
47 # Enable or disable spider middlewares
48 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
49 #SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
50 #    'myScripy.middlewares.MyscripySpiderMiddleware': 543,
51 #}
52 
53 # Enable or disable downloader middlewares
54 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
55 #DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
56 #    'myScripy.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
57 #}
58 
59 # Enable or disable extensions
60 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
61 #EXTENSIONS = {
62 #    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
63 #}
64 
65 # Configure item pipelines
66 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
67 ITEM_PIPELINES = {
68    'myScripy.pipelines.ItcastPipeline': 300,
69 }
70 
71 # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
72 # See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
73 #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
74 # The initial download delay
75 #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
76 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
77 #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
78 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
79 # each remote server
80 #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
81 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
82 #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
83 
84 # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
85 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
86 #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
87 #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
88 #HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
89 #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
90 #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

settings文件

小Tips：

scrapy获取html页面：
response.body ==> 字节类型(bytes) response.text ==> 字符串类型(unicode)

requests获取：
response.content==> 字节类型(bytes) response.text ==> 字符串类型(unicode)

urllib2获取
response.read()

示例二、腾讯招聘网自动翻页采集

爬虫模块

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from day_30.TencentScripy.TencentScripy.items import TencentscripyItem

class TencentSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'tencent'
    allowed_domains = ['tencent.com']   # 不要在这上面随便加/，否则有时候只会取一页
    url = 'http://hr.tencent.com/position.php?&start='
    offset = 0
    start_urls = [url+str(offset),]

    def parse(self, response):
        list = response.xpath("//tr[@class='even']|//tr[@class='odd']")
        for i in list:
            # 初始化模型对象，就在for循环里面实例化吧
            item = TencentscripyItem()

            name = i.xpath('.//a/text()').extract()[0]
            link = i.xpath('.//a/@href').extract()[0]
            type = i.xpath('./td[2]/text()').extract()[0]
            number = i.xpath('./td[3]/text()').extract()[0]
            place = i.xpath('./td[4]/text()').extract()[0]
            rtime = i.xpath('./td[5]/text()').extract()[0]
            item['name'] = name
            item['link'] = link
            item['type'] = type
            item['number'] = number
            item['place'] = place
            item['rtime'] = rtime
            yield item
        if self.offset < 1680:
            self.offset += 10
            # 每次处理完一页的数据之后，重新发送下一页页面请求
            # self.offset自增10，同时拼接为新的url，并调用回调函数self.parse处理Response
            yield scrapy.Request(self.url+str(self.offset),callback=self.parse)     # 这里的回调函数后面不用加()

小Tips：页码自增高逼格方法

curpage = re.search('(d+)',response.url).group(1)	# 从任意地方查找数字并赋值给curpage
page = int(curpage) + 10	# 将链接中的页码+10
url = re.sub('d+', str(page), response.url)	# 找到链接中的数字，替换成新的值

管道模块

import json

class TencentscripyPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.filename = open('tencent-job.json','wb')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        text = json.dumps(dict(item),ensure_ascii=False).encode('utf-8')+b'
'
        self.filename.write(text)
        return item

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        self.filename.close()

 1 import scrapy
 2 
 3 class TencentItem(scrapy.Item):
 4     # define the fields for your item here like:
 5     # 职位名
 6     positionname = scrapy.Field()
 7     # 详情连接
 8     positionlink = scrapy.Field()
 9     # 职位类别
10     positionType = scrapy.Field()
11     # 招聘人数
12     peopleNum = scrapy.Field()
13     # 工作地点
14     workLocation = scrapy.Field()
15     # 发布时间
16     publishTime = scrapy.Field()

items.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 
 3 # Scrapy settings for tencent project
 4 #
 5 # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
 6 # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
 7 #
 8 #     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
 9 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
10 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
11 
12 BOT_NAME = 'tencent'
13 
14 SPIDER_MODULES = ['tencent.spiders']
15 NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'tencent.spiders'
16 
17 
18 # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
19 #USER_AGENT = 'tencent (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'
20 
21 # Obey robots.txt rules
22 ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True
23 
24 # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
25 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
26 
27 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
28 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
29 # See also autothrottle settings and docs
30 DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2
31 # The download delay setting will honor only one of:
32 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
33 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
34 
35 # Disable cookies (enabled by default)
36 #COOKIES_ENABLED = False
37 
38 # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
39 #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
40 
41 # Override the default request headers:
42 DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
43     "User-Agent" : "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0;",
44     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8'
45 }
46 
47 # Enable or disable spider middlewares
48 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
49 #SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
50 #    'tencent.middlewares.MyCustomSpiderMiddleware': 543,
51 #}
52 
53 # Enable or disable downloader middlewares
54 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
55 #DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
56 #    'tencent.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
57 #}
58 
59 # Enable or disable extensions
60 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
61 #EXTENSIONS = {
62 #    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
63 #}
64 
65 # Configure item pipelines
66 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
67 ITEM_PIPELINES = {
68     'tencent.pipelines.TencentPipeline': 300,
69 }
70 
71 # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
72 # See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
73 #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
74 # The initial download delay
75 #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
76 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
77 #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
78 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
79 # each remote server
80 #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
81 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
82 #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
83 
84 # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
85 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
86 #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
87 #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
88 #HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
89 #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
90 #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

settings.py

示例三、提取json文件里的图片***

爬虫模块

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy,json
from day_30.douyuScripy.douyuScripy.items import DouyuscripyItem

class DouyuSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'douyu'
    allowed_domains = ['capi.douyucdn.cn']
    url = 'http://capi.douyucdn.cn/api/v1/getVerticalRoom?limit=20&offset='
    offset = 0
    start_urls = [url+str(offset)]

    def parse(self, response):
        # scrapy获取html页面用的是response.body ==> 字节类型(bytes) response.text ==> 字符串类型(unicode)
        # 把json格式的数据转换为python格式，data段是列表
        py_dic = json.loads(response.text)
        # {error: 0,data: [{room_id: "2690605",room_src: "https://rpic.douyucdn.cn/live-cover/appCovers/2017/11/22/2690605_20171122081559_small.jpg",...
        data_list = py_dic['data']

        for data in data_list:

            item = DouyuscripyItem()    # 这个实例化还是放在循环里面吧，要不然会有意想不到的惊喜哟
            item['room_id'] = data['room_id']
            item['room_name'] = data['room_name']
            item['vertical_src'] = data['vertical_src']
            yield item
        if self.offset < 40:
            self.offset += 20
            yield scrapy.Request(self.url+str(self.offset),callback=self.parse)

管道模块***（保存图片+改名）

import scrapy,os
from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings
from scrapy.pipelines.images import ImagesPipeline

class DouyuscripyPipeline(ImagesPipeline):
    IMAGES_STORE = get_project_settings().get('IMAGES_STORE')

    def get_media_requests(self, item, info):
        # 获取图片的链接
        image_url = item["vertical_src"]
        # 向图片的url地址发送请求获取图片
        yield scrapy.Request(image_url)

    def item_completed(self, result, item, info):
        # 获取文件的名字
        image_path = [x["path"] for ok, x in result if ok]
        # 更改文件的名字为直播间名+房间号
        os.rename(self.IMAGES_STORE + "/" + image_path[0], self.IMAGES_STORE + "/" + item["room_name"]+'-'+item['room_id'] + ".jpg")
        # 将图片储存的路径保存到item中，返回item
        item["imagePath"] = self.IMAGES_STORE + "/" + item["room_name"]+item['room_id']

        return item

1 import scrapy
2 
3 class DouyuscripyItem(scrapy.Item):
4     # define the fields for your item here like:
5     vertical_src = scrapy.Field()    # 图片    连接
6     room_name = scrapy.Field()    # 房间名
7     room_id = scrapy.Field()   # 房间id号 
8     imagePath = scrapy.Field()    # 本地文件保存路径

items.py

 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 2 
 3 # Scrapy settings for douyuScripy project
 4 #
 5 # For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
 6 # commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
 7 #
 8 #     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
 9 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
10 #     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
11 
12 BOT_NAME = 'douyuScripy'
13 
14 SPIDER_MODULES = ['douyuScripy.spiders']
15 NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'douyuScripy.spiders'
16 
17 
18 # Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
19 #USER_AGENT = 'douyuScripy (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'
20 
21 # Obey robots.txt rules
22 # ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True
23 
24 # Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
25 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
26 
27 # Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
28 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
29 # See also autothrottle settings and docs
30 DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 2
31 # The download delay setting will honor only one of:
32 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
33 #CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
34 
35 # Disable cookies (enabled by default)
36 #COOKIES_ENABLED = False
37 
38 # Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
39 #TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
40 
41 # Override the default request headers:
42 DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
43     "User-Agent" : "DYZB/1 CFNetwork/808.2.16 Darwin/16.3.0"
44   # 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
45   # 'Accept-Language': 'en',
46 }
47 
48 IMAGES_STORE = "C:/Users/鑫。/PycharmProjects/study/day_30/douyuScripy/Images"
49 
50 # Enable or disable spider middlewares
51 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
52 #SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
53 #    'douyuScripy.middlewares.DouyuscripySpiderMiddleware': 543,
54 #}
55 
56 # Enable or disable downloader middlewares
57 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
58 #DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
59 #    'douyuScripy.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
60 #}
61 
62 # Enable or disable extensions
63 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
64 #EXTENSIONS = {
65 #    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
66 #}
67 
68 # Configure item pipelines
69 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
70 ITEM_PIPELINES = {
71    'douyuScripy.pipelines.DouyuscripyPipeline': 300,
72 }
73 
74 # Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
75 # See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
76 #AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
77 # The initial download delay
78 #AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
79 # The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
80 #AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
81 # The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
82 # each remote server
83 #AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
84 # Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
85 #AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
86 
87 # Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
88 # See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
89 #HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
90 #HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
91 #HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
92 #HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
93 #HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

settings.py 加了一个图片存放路径

相关阅读:
网络爬虫基础练习
 词频统计预处理
 将博客搬至CSDN
内核探测工具systemtap简介(转)
常用汉字的Unicode码表
 随机生成登录时的验证码图片
 response中用outputstream输出中文问题
 ServletContext读取web应用中的资源文件
 ServletContext
URL描述web资源访问流程
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/x54256/p/7967057.html

python——Scrapy框架简介、内置选择器、管道文件、爬虫模块中的spider类

爬虫的自我修养_4

一、Scrapy 框架简介

Scrapy架构图(绿线是数据流向)：

制作 Scrapy 爬虫 一共需要4步：

pycharm启动工程的start.py文件

二、Scrapy Selectors选择器

crapy Selectors 内置 XPath 和 CSS Selector 表达式机制

XPath表达式的例子及对应的含义:

三、Item Pipeline

编写item pipeline

四、Spider类

主要属性和方法

制作 Scrapy 爬虫一共需要4步：