• selenium介绍


    一 介绍

    selenium最初是一个自动化测试工具,而爬虫中使用它主要是为了解决requests无法直接执行JavaScript代码的问题
    
    selenium本质是通过驱动浏览器,完全模拟浏览器的操作,比如跳转、输入、点击、下拉等,来拿到网页渲染之后的结果,可支持多种浏览器
    
    from selenium import webdriver
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    browser=webdriver.Firefox()
    browser=webdriver.PhantomJS()
    browser=webdriver.Safari()
    browser=webdriver.Edge() 

    官网:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io

    二 安装

    #安装:selenium+chromedriver
    pip3 install selenium
    下载chromdriver.exe放到python安装路径的scripts目录中即可,注意最新版本是2.29,并非2.9
    国内镜像网站地址:http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver/2.29/
    最新的版本去官网找:https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/downloads
    
    #验证安装
    C:UsersAdministrator>python3
    Python 3.6.1 (v3.6.1:69c0db5, Mar 21 2017, 18:41:36) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> from selenium import webdriver
    >>> driver=webdriver.Chrome() #弹出浏览器
    >>> driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    >>> driver.page_source
    
    #注意:
    selenium3默认支持的webdriver是Firfox,而Firefox需要安装geckodriver
    下载链接:https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases
    selenium+chromedriver
    #安装:selenium+phantomjs
    pip3 install selenium
    下载phantomjs,解压后把phantomjs.exe所在的bin目录放到环境变量
    下载链接:http://phantomjs.org/download.html
    
    #验证安装
    C:UsersAdministrator>phantomjs
    phantomjs> console.log('egon gaga')
    egon gaga
    undefined
    phantomjs> ^C
    C:UsersAdministrator>python3
    Python 3.6.1 (v3.6.1:69c0db5, Mar 21 2017, 18:41:36) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> from selenium import webdriver
    >>> driver=webdriver.PhantomJS() #无界面浏览器
    >>> driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    >>> driver.page_source
    selenium+phantomjs

    三 基本使用

    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    try:
        browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    
        input_tag=browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
        input_tag.send_keys('美女') #python2中输入中文错误,字符串前加个u
        input_tag.send_keys(Keys.ENTER) #输入回车
    
        wait=WebDriverWait(browser,10)
        wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'content_left'))) #等到id为content_left的元素加载完毕,最多等10秒
    
        print(browser.page_source)
        print(browser.current_url)
        print(browser.get_cookies())
    
    finally:
        browser.close()

    四 选择器

    一 基本用法

    #官网链接:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/locating-elements.html
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    import time
    
    driver=webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    wait=WebDriverWait(driver,10)
    
    try:
        #===============所有方法===================
        # 1、find_element_by_id
        # 2、find_element_by_link_text
        # 3、find_element_by_partial_link_text
        # 4、find_element_by_tag_name
        # 5、find_element_by_class_name
        # 6、find_element_by_name
        # 7、find_element_by_css_selector
        # 8、find_element_by_xpath
        # 强调:
        # 1、上述均可以改写成find_element(By.ID,'kw')的形式
        # 2、find_elements_by_xxx的形式是查找到多个元素,结果为列表
    
        #===============示范用法===================
        # 1、find_element_by_id
        print(driver.find_element_by_id('kw'))
    
        # 2、find_element_by_link_text
        # login=driver.find_element_by_link_text('登录')
        # login.click()
    
        # 3、find_element_by_partial_link_text
        login=driver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text('')[0]
        login.click()
    
        # 4、find_element_by_tag_name
        print(driver.find_element_by_tag_name('a'))
    
        # 5、find_element_by_class_name
        button=wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME,'tang-pass-footerBarULogin')))
        button.click()
    
        # 6、find_element_by_name
        input_user=wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.NAME,'userName')))
        input_pwd=wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.NAME,'password')))
        commit=wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID,'TANGRAM__PSP_10__submit')))
    
        input_user.send_keys('18611453110')
        input_pwd.send_keys('lhf@094573')
        commit.click()
    
        # 7、find_element_by_css_selector
        driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#kw')
    
        # 8、find_element_by_xpath
    
        time.sleep(5)
    
    finally:
        driver.close()
    View Code

    二 xpath

    #官网链接:http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/locating-elements.html
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    import time
    
    driver=webdriver.PhantomJS()
    driver.get('https://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/_static/selectors-sample1.html')
    # wait=WebDriverWait(driver,3)
    driver.implicitly_wait(3) #使用隐式等待
    
    try:
        # find_element_by_xpath
        #//与/
        # driver.find_element_by_xpath('//body/a')  # 开头的//代表从整篇文档中寻找,body之后的/代表body的儿子,这一行找不到就会报错了
    
        driver.find_element_by_xpath('//body//a')  # 开头的//代表从整篇文档中寻找,body之后的//代表body的子子孙孙
        driver.find_element_by_css_selector('body a')
    
        #取第n个
        res1=driver.find_elements_by_xpath('//body//a[1]') #取第一个a标签
        print(res1[0].text)
    
        #按照属性查找,下述三者查找效果一样
        res1=driver.find_element_by_xpath('//a[5]')
        res2=driver.find_element_by_xpath('//a[@href="image5.html"]')
        res3=driver.find_element_by_xpath('//a[contains(@href,"image5")]') #模糊查找
        print('==>', res1.text)
        print('==>',res2.text)
        print('==>',res3.text)
    
    
        #其他
        res1=driver.find_element_by_xpath('/html/body/div/a')
        print(res1.text)
    
        res2=driver.find_element_by_xpath('//a[img/@src="image3_thumb.jpg"]') #找到子标签img的src属性为image3_thumb.jpg的a标签
        print(res2.tag_name,res2.text)
    
        res3 = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@name='continue'][@type='button']") #查看属性name为continue且属性type为button的input标签
        res4 = driver.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@name='continue'][@type='button']") #查看属性name为continue且属性type为button的所有标签
        
        
        time.sleep(5)
    
    finally:
        driver.close()
    View Code

    三 获取标签属性

    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    
    browser.get('https://www.amazon.cn/')
    
    wait=WebDriverWait(browser,10)
    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'cc-lm-tcgShowImgContainer')))
    
    tag=browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'#cc-lm-tcgShowImgContainer img')
    
    #获取标签属性,
    print(tag.get_attribute('src'))
    
    
    #获取标签ID,位置,名称,大小(了解)
    print(tag.id)
    print(tag.location)
    print(tag.tag_name)
    print(tag.size)
    
    
    browser.close()
    获取标签属性

    五 等待元素被加载

    #1、selenium只是模拟浏览器的行为,而浏览器解析页面是需要时间的(执行css,js),一些元素可能需要过一段时间才能加载出来,为了保证能查找到元素,必须等待
    
    #2、等待的方式分两种:
    隐式等待:在browser.get('xxx')前就设置,针对所有元素有效
    显式等待:在browser.get('xxx')之后设置,只针对某个元素有效
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    
    #隐式等待:在查找所有元素时,如果尚未被加载,则等10秒
    browser.implicitly_wait(10)
    
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    
    
    input_tag=browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
    input_tag.send_keys('美女')
    input_tag.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
    
    contents=browser.find_element_by_id('content_left') #没有等待环节而直接查找,找不到则会报错
    print(contents)
    
    browser.close()
    隐式等待
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    
    
    input_tag=browser.find_element_by_id('kw')
    input_tag.send_keys('美女')
    input_tag.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
    
    
    #显式等待:显式地等待某个元素被加载
    wait=WebDriverWait(browser,10)
    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'content_left')))
    
    contents=browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'#content_left')
    print(contents)
    
    
    browser.close()
    显式等待

    六 元素交互操作

    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    browser.get('https://www.amazon.cn/')
    wait=WebDriverWait(browser,10)
    
    
    input_tag=wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'twotabsearchtextbox')))
    input_tag.send_keys('iphone 8')
    button=browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#nav-search > form > div.nav-right > div > input')
    button.click()
    
    
    import time
    time.sleep(3)
    
    input_tag=browser.find_element_by_id('twotabsearchtextbox')
    input_tag.clear() #清空输入框
    input_tag.send_keys('iphone7plus')
    button=browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#nav-search > form > div.nav-right > div > input')
    button.click()
    
    
    
    # browser.close()
    点击,清空
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By  # 按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys  # 键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait  # 等待页面加载某些元素
    import time
    
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.get('http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable')
    wait=WebDriverWait(driver,3)
    # driver.implicitly_wait(3)  # 使用隐式等待
    
    try:
        driver.switch_to.frame('iframeResult') ##切换到iframeResult
        sourse=driver.find_element_by_id('draggable')
        target=driver.find_element_by_id('droppable')
    
        #方式一:基于同一个动作链串行执行
        # actions=ActionChains(driver) #拿到动作链对象
        # actions.drag_and_drop(sourse,target) #把动作放到动作链中,准备串行执行
        # actions.perform()
    
        #方式二:不同的动作链,每次移动的位移都不同
        ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(sourse).perform()
        distance=target.location['x']-sourse.location['x']
    
        track=0
        while track < distance:
            ActionChains(driver).move_by_offset(xoffset=2,yoffset=0).perform()
            track+=2
    
        ActionChains(driver).release().perform()
    
        time.sleep(10)
    
    finally:
        driver.close()
    Action Chains
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    
    
    try:
        browser=webdriver.Chrome()
        browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
        browser.execute_script('alert("hello world")') #打印警告
    finally:
        browser.close()
    在交互动作比较难实现的时候可以自己写JS(万能方法)
    #frame相当于一个单独的网页,在父frame里是无法直接查看到子frame的元素的,必须switch_to_frame切到该frame下,才能进一步查找
    
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    
    
    try:
        browser=webdriver.Chrome()
        browser.get('http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable')
    
        browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult') #切换到id为iframeResult的frame
    
        tag1=browser.find_element_by_id('droppable')
        print(tag1)
    
        # tag2=browser.find_element_by_id('textareaCode') #报错,在子frame里无法查看到父frame的元素
        browser.switch_to.parent_frame() #切回父frame,就可以查找到了
        tag2=browser.find_element_by_id('textareaCode')
        print(tag2)
    
    finally:
        browser.close()
    补充:frame的切换

    七 其他

    #模拟浏览器的前进后退
    import time
    from selenium import webdriver
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
    browser.get('http://www.sina.com.cn/')
    
    browser.back()
    time.sleep(10)
    browser.forward()
    browser.close()
    模拟浏览器的前进后退
    #cookies
    from selenium import webdriver
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
    print(browser.get_cookies())
    browser.add_cookie({'k1':'xxx','k2':'yyy'})
    print(browser.get_cookies())
    
    # browser.delete_all_cookies()
    cookies
    #选项卡管理:切换选项卡,有js的方式windows.open,有windows快捷键:ctrl+t等,最通用的就是js的方式
    import time
    from selenium import webdriver
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
    browser.execute_script('window.open()')
    
    print(browser.window_handles) #获取所有的选项卡
    browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[1])
    browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
    time.sleep(10)
    browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[0])
    browser.get('https://www.sina.com.cn')
    browser.close()
    选项卡管理
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException,NoSuchElementException,NoSuchFrameException
    
    try:
        browser=webdriver.Chrome()
        browser.get('http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable')
        browser.switch_to.frame('iframssseResult')
    
    except TimeoutException as e:
        print(e)
    except NoSuchFrameException as e:
        print(e)
    finally:
        browser.close()
    异常处理

    八 项目练习

    #注意:网站都策略都是在不断变化的,精髓在于学习流程。下述代码生效与2017-11-7,不能保证永久有效
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
    
    browser=webdriver.Chrome()
    
    try:
        browser.get('http://mail.163.com/')
    
        wait=WebDriverWait(browser,5)
    
        frame=wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'x-URS-iframe')))
        browser.switch_to.frame(frame)
    
        wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR,'.m-container')))
    
        inp_user=browser.find_element_by_name('email')
        inp_pwd=browser.find_element_by_name('password')
        button=browser.find_element_by_id('dologin')
        inp_user.send_keys('18611453110')
        inp_pwd.send_keys('xxxx')
        button.click()
    
        #如果遇到验证码,可以把下面一小段打开注释
        # import time
        # time.sleep(10)
        # button = browser.find_element_by_id('dologin')
        # button.click()
    
        wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'dvNavTop')))
        write_msg=browser.find_elements_by_css_selector('#dvNavTop li')[1] #获取第二个li标签就是“写信”了
        write_msg.click()
    
    
        wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME,'tH0')))
        recv_man=browser.find_element_by_class_name('nui-editableAddr-ipt')
        title=browser.find_element_by_css_selector('.dG0 .nui-ipt-input')
        recv_man.send_keys('378533872@qq.com')
        title.send_keys('圣旨')
        print(title.tag_name)
    
    
        frame=wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME,'APP-editor-iframe')))
        browser.switch_to.frame(frame)
        body=browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'body')
        body.send_keys('egon很帅,可以加工资了')
    
        browser.switch_to.parent_frame() #切回他爹
        send_button=browser.find_element_by_class_name('nui-toolbar-item')
        send_button.click()
    
        #可以睡时间久一点别让浏览器关掉,看看发送成功没有
        import time
        time.sleep(10000)
    
    except Exception as e:
        print(e)
    finally:
        browser.close()
    自动登录163邮箱并发送邮件
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By #按照什么方式查找,By.ID,By.CSS_SELECTOR
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys #键盘按键操作
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait #等待页面加载某些元素
    import time
    
    
    def get_goods(driver):
        try:
            goods=driver.find_elements_by_class_name('gl-item')
    
            for good in goods:
                detail_url=good.find_element_by_tag_name('a').get_attribute('href')
    
                p_name=good.find_element_by_css_selector('.p-name em').text.replace('
    ','')
                price=good.find_element_by_css_selector('.p-price i').text
                p_commit=good.find_element_by_css_selector('.p-commit a').text
    
                msg = '''
                商品 : %s
                链接 : %s
                价钱 :%s
                评论 :%s
                ''' % (p_name,detail_url,price,p_commit)
    
                print(msg,end='
    
    ')
    
    
            button=driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('下一页')
            button.click()
            time.sleep(1)
            get_goods(driver)
        except Exception:
            pass
    
    def spider(url,keyword):
        driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        driver.get(url)
        driver.implicitly_wait(3)  # 使用隐式等待
        try:
            input_tag=driver.find_element_by_id('key')
            input_tag.send_keys(keyword)
            input_tag.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)
            get_goods(driver)
        finally:
            driver.close()
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        spider('https://www.jd.com/',keyword='iPhone8手机')
    爬取京东商城商品信息
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wxp5257/p/8312662.html
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